加快构建中国自然保护地体系

自1864年世界第一个自然保护地——美国加利福尼亚州的红杉树保护区建立，现今的自然保护地已成为全世界各国保护自然区域的主要形式。2021年，中国国家发展改革委正式设立三江源、大熊猫、东北虎豹、海南热带雨林、武夷山首批5个国家公园，标志着以国家公园为主体的自然保护地正式确立。自然保护地是新时代生态文明建设的核心载体和美丽中国的重要象征。2013年，党的十八届三中全会首次提出建立国家公园体制。2019年，《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系指导意见》强调把具有国家代表性的重要自然生态系统纳入国家公园体系，形成以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、各类自然公园为补充的自然保护地体系。党的二十大进一步强调将人与自然和谐共生作为中国式现代化的重要特征和本质要求之一。国家层面系列政策措施的出台，推动国家自然保护地体系加快构建。

自然保护地作为全球生态安全的基石，在保护生物多样性、保存自然遗产、改善环境质量、维护生态安全中具有不可替代的价值。国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）对其定义是“一个明确界定的地理空间，通过法律或其他有效手段得到承认、专用和管理，以实现自然的长期保护以及相关的生态系统服务和文化价值”；国内《中国自然保护纲要》对其定义为“为了自然保护的目的，把包含保护对象的一定面积的陆地或水体划分出来，进行特殊的保护和管理的区域”。不同国家和组织对自然保护地定义不同，但其内涵基本一致。自然保护地作为一个人与自然相互作用的复杂巨系统，长期面临着不同类型与程度的人类活动威胁。加强对自然系统、社会系统及其二者相互作用在内的人地关系研究，是实现对自然保护地系统有效治理的前提。

本期专题“自然保护地及人地协调”，从国内本土问题出发，结合国际研究进展，多维度研讨了自然保护地人地系统复杂性表征、自然保护地多元利益主体以及自然保护地人地关系治理的国际经验。基于土地利用模拟模型对重庆金佛山自然保护地毗邻区未来发展进行模拟预测，总结了不同约束情景下各用地类型的变化趋势及规律；以黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区为研究对象，全面踏查设置植物群落调查样地，揭示了以红松+紫椴+硕桦群系为主的阔叶红松林内优势树种生态位特征，并分析红松种群与其他乔木种群占据空间的范围和资源利用能力；以大熊猫国家公园（唐家河园区）为研究对象，探索了社区共管模式下农户参与程度/类型对其满意度和保护意愿的影响，拓展了社会交换理论的应用范畴，揭示了社区参与类型对保护态度的作用机制；梳理“灾害”类自然现象的科学定义，剖析了全球范围内国家公园“灾害”类自然现象先锋管控模式特点，明确了中国国家公园应对“灾害”类自然现象中在经济平衡、科研建设、原住民培育、国际联防4方面存在的真实困境。

当然，自然保护地系统的复杂性不仅体现在自然系统本身，还体现在自然保护地与其外围（毗邻区）的复杂人地关系上。因此，不仅要从空间上超越自然保护地本体范围至毗邻区，还需要相关专家学者将自然系统和人文系统进行关联融合审视，以实现对自然保护地人地关系的“善治”。期待将来有更多学术同仁就此课题开展探讨，研以共进！

主编

2023年9月15日

Accelerating the Construction of China’s Nature Reserve System

Since 1864, when the first nature reserve in the world, the Redwood reserve in California, USA, was established, today’s nature reserves have become the main form of protecting natural areas around the world.In 2021, China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) officially established the first five national parks in Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeastern Tiger and Leopard, Hainan Tropical Rainforest, and Wuyi Mountain, marking the formal establishment of nature reserves with national parks as the main body.Nature reserves are the core carrier of ecological civilization construction in the new era and an important symbol of beautiful China.In 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee first proposed the establishment of a national park system.In 2019,theGuidingOpinionsonthe EstablishmentofaNatureReserveSystemwithNationalParksastheMainBodyemphasized the incorporation of important natural ecosystems with national representativeness into the national park system and the formation of a nature reserve system with national parks as the main body, nature reserves as the foundation, and various types of nature parks as a supplement.The 20th CPC National Congress further emphasized harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature as one of the important features and essential requirements of Chinese-style modernization.The introduction of a series of policies and measures at the national level has accelerated the construction of the national nature reserve system.

As the cornerstone of global ecological security, nature reserves have irreplaceable value in protecting biodiversity, preserving natural heritage, improving environmental quality and maintaining ecological security.The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a nature reserve as “a clearly defined geographic space that is recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means in order to achieve the long-term conservation of nature and its associated ecosystem services and cultural values”;China’sOutlineforNatureProtectiondefines it as “an area of land or water body of a certain size that contains the object of conservation, which is set aside for special protection and management for the purpose of nature conservation”.Different countries and organizations define nature reserves differently, but their connotations are basically the same.As a complex giant system of human-nature interaction, nature reserves have long faced different types and degrees of threats from human activities.Strengthening research on human-land relations, including natural systems, social systems and their interactions, is a prerequisite for effective management of protected natural areas.

The topic of this issue “Natural Protected Areas and Man-Land Coordination” discusses the complexity characterization of human-land systems in nature reserves,the multiple interests in nature reserves, and the international experience in the governance of human-land relationship in nature reserves from the perspective of domestic local issues and international research progress.Based on the land use simulation model, the future development of the adjoining area of Jinfoshan Nature Reserve in Chongqing was simulated and predicted, and the trends and patterns of each land use type under different constraint scenarios were summarized; Taking Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve as the research object, plant community survey sample plots were comprehensively set up, the ecological position characteristics of the dominant tree species within the broad-leaved red pine forest dominated by the red pine+purple linden+Shuozhu birch group lineage were revealed, and the extent of space occupied by the red pine population and other tree populations as well as the ability to utilize the resources were analyzed; Taking the Giant Panda National Park(Tangjiahe Park) as the research object, the authors explored the influence of the degree/type of farmers’ participation on their satisfaction and willingness to conserve under the community co-management model, expanded the application scope of the social exchange theory, and revealed the mechanism of the type of community participation on the attitude towards conservation; The scientific definition of “disaster” natural phenomena was sorted out, the characteristics of the pioneering management and control model of “disaster” natural phenomena in national parks around the world were analyzed, and the real dilemma of China’s national parks in dealing with “disaster” natural phenomena was clarified in four aspects: economic balance, scientific research and construction, indigenous cultivation, and international joint defense.

Of course, the complexity of the nature reserve system is not only reflected in the nature system itself, but also in the complex human-land relationship between the nature reserve and its periphery (neighboring areas).Therefore, it is not only necessary to go beyond the spatial scope of the nature reserve itself to the adjacent areas,but it is also necessary for relevant experts and scholars to examine the connection and integration of the natural system and the humanistic system, so as to realize the “good governance” of the human-land relationship in the nature reserve.We are looking forward to more academic colleagues discussing this topic in the future, so that we can make progress together!

Editor-in-Chief

September 15th, 2023