见证中国畜牧业的科技发展

文/蔡永久（Dr.Cai Yongjiu） 译/张佳艺

作为一名畜牧研究人员和公司首席技术官，在华十年的工作经历让我深刻感受到了中国社会的发展，也见证了中国畜牧业的科技发展，这段经历弥足珍贵。

我还清楚地记得，十年前我作为达农威公司的首席技术官来到中国深圳，迎接我的是炎热的天气和比天气更热情的同事。从机场到公司，一路上随处可见大运会吉祥物和口号横幅。这座年轻的城市热切地向世界展示它的辉煌与活力。实际上，在改革开放30多年的政策推动下，随着亚洲金融地位的提升，当时的深圳已经趋于成为世界级金融中心。我们公司的所在地——国际商会大厦，像蓝色巨人一样矗立在深圳中心区中轴线的南端，见证着这座城市和这个国家的飞速发展。

As an animal husbandry researcher and company chief technology officer,my ten years of work experience in China has made me deeply feel the development process of Chinese society and witness the technological development of China’s animal husbandry.This experience is precious.

I still clearly remember that ten years ago,I came to Shenzhen,China,as the chief technology officer of Diamond V Corp.,and I was greeted by hot weather and colleagues who were warmer than the weather.Universiade mascots and slogan banners can be seen everywhere,from the airport to the company,and this young city seems eager to show its splendor and vitality to the world.In fact,under the reform and openingup policy over 30 years and the rise of Asia’s financial status,Shenzhen at that time tended to become a world-class financial center.Our company’s location,the International Chamber of Commerce Tower,stands like a blue giant at the southern end of the central axis of Shenzhen’s main area,witnessing the rapid development of this city and this country.

Compared with the rapid economic development,the level of science and technology in many fields in China was relatively lagging compared with western countries.Since I am engaged in scientific research on animal nutrition,I pay more attention to the scientific and technological development of China’s animal husbandry industry.Ten years ago,there was a big gap between scientific research institutes of many agricultural universities in China and Western countries regarding the level of laboratory equipment,scientific research base construction,research concepts,and methods.In terms of scientific research achievements,only the top scientific research institutes in the industry could occasionally publish articles in top journals such as “Cell,”“Nature,” and “Science,” Now,Most scientific research institutes in China have modern scientific research equipment,the latest scientific research ideas synchronized with the world,and excellent scientific research teams.It is common to publish in top journals in top universities and colleges in China.And many ordinary colleges and universities even increase the publication volumes in top journals.Chinese universities and institutes’ scientific research environment and scientific research level have aligned with international standards and even lead the world in many aspects.

与经济的高速发展相比，中国许多领域的科技水平较西方国家相对落后。因我本人从事的是动物营养相关的研究工作，所以更加关注中国畜牧业的科技发展。十年前，中国许多农业院校的科研院所在实验室设备、科研基地建设、研究理念和方法等方面与西方国家有较大差距。在科研成果方面，只有业内顶尖的科研院所偶尔能在《细胞》《自然》《科学》等顶级期刊上发表论文。而现在，中国大多数科研院所都拥有现代化的科研设备、与世界同步的最新科研理念和优秀的科研团队。国内一流大学和学院在顶级期刊上发表论文已屡见不鲜，甚至许多普通高校在顶级期刊上的发文量也在不断增加。中国高校和科研院所的科研环境和科研水平已与国际接轨，在许多方面甚至遥遥领先于其他国家。

在科技发展的推动下，整个畜牧业发生了翻天覆地的变化。以养猪业为例，中国作为猪肉消费大国，拥有最大的养猪业，其产量几乎占全球养猪业的一半。然而，中国的养猪业却是大而不强。不得不承认，几年前的中国，养殖方式比较粗放、不规范。

2013年冬天，我和公司的销售人员一起去西南山区的一家养殖场参观。那是一个小规模的养猪场，圈舍没有合理布局，随意搭建在自家院子里。当时，猪场里有大量断奶仔猪腹泻，而养殖户邀请我们去参观猪圈，却没有严格的消毒程序。进入猪圈后，一股浓烈的氨水味扑面而来，空气质量极差。同时，我发现屋顶上只有一层铁皮。冬天为了保暖，只能尽量密封，导致有害气体严重超标。夏天酷热，根本无法达到适合生猪生产的条件。圈内饲养设备简单，只有必要的食槽和水槽。经向养殖户询问我得知，养殖户缺乏消毒意识，食槽和水槽没有定期清洗和消毒；科学防疫观念不强；只考虑疫苗价格，忽视疫苗质量；免疫剂量一成不变，不能根据当地疫情和猪群健康状况及时调整；免疫过程中操作不规范，造成猪群过度应激。根据以上问题，我给养殖户提出了科学的改进措施，建议在饲料中添加酵母培养物等保健抗应激产品。

Driven by the development of science and technology,the entire animal husbandry industry has also undergone earthshaking changes.Taking the pig industry as an example,China,as a big pork consumer,also has the largest pig breeding industry.Its output accounts for almost half of the global industry.However,the pig-rasing in China is extensive but not decisive.I must admit that in China a few years ago,the breeding methods were still relatively rough and nonstandard.

I remember that in the winter of 2013,I visited a farm in the mountainous area of Southwest China with a salesperson from the company.That was a small-scale pig farm,and the pen was randomly built in his courtyard without a reasonable layout.Many weaned piglets were suffering from diarrhea on the farm at that time.And the farmer invited us to the pens without strict disinfection procedures.After entering the pens,there was a strong smell of ammonia and poor air quality.At the same time,I noticed only a layer of iron on the roof.The pens could only be sealed as much as possible to keep warm in winter,leading to severe excess of harmful gases.It would be scorching in summer,which could not achieve suitable conditions for live pig production.The feeding equipment in the circle was simple,with only the necessary feeder and water tank.When I asked the farmer,I learned that the farmer lacked disinfection awareness.The feeder and water tank have not been regularly cleaned,rinsed,and disinfected.The concept of scientific epidemic prevention was not strong.Only the price of vaccines was considered,but the quality was.The immune dose remained unchanged and could not be adjusted in time according to the local epidemic situation and the health status of the pig herd.The operation was not standardized during the immunization process,resulting in excessive stress in the pig herd.Based on the above questions,I proposed scientific improvement measures for the farmer and suggested adding yeast culture and other health-care anti-stress products to the feed.

When I revisited this farm,it was 2021 spring.The farm had been relocated to a flat and open area nearby with high terrain.The farm had standardized construction of sow pens,delivery rooms,nursing pens,and fattening pens.There were also veterinary rooms,isolation rooms,disinfection channels,and fecal treatment equipment.It was not difficult to see from the newly built villa and the smile on the farmer’s face that he had obtained tremendous benefits through the scientific breeding of pigs and the scientific management of the farm over the years.

当我再次参观这家养殖场时，已经是2021年春天了。那时，养殖场搬到了附近地势较高的平坦开阔地上，依照标准建设了母猪栏、产房、保育栏和育肥栏。此外，还有兽医室、隔离室、消毒通道和粪便处理设备。从新建的别墅和养殖户脸上的笑容中我看出，多年来的科学养猪和科学管理养殖场让他获利不少。

这样的案例只是中国数百万农民的一个缩影。近年来，环境保护和非洲猪瘟迫使中国养猪业以高科技手段升级换代。如今，粗糙简陋的猪圈变成了干净整洁的养殖舍，臭气熏天的畜禽粪便变成了营养丰富的有机肥料。养猪用上了机器人，养殖过程中减少了兽用抗生素的使用。过去十年来，政策逐步出台，变化日新月异。中国畜牧业转型升级步伐加快，先进技术、工艺和装备不断研发和集成。畜牧业科技支撑、畜禽粪污资源化利用、饲料作物种植等，优化了种养关系，保护了生态环境。绿色发展成为畜牧业现代化的主旋律；无抗生素产品成为畜牧业高质量发展的重要内容；畜禽产品供给不断满足消费者多样化需求，质量安全水平稳步提升。

畜牧业科技发展只是中国各行业科技发展的一个方面。各行各业的科技进步，共同将中国的经济社会发展水平和国际影响力提升到了新的高度。正如十年前，国际商会大厦是深圳公认的地标性建筑，而现在，一街之隔的平安金融中心则引领着新的城市天际线。再比如，十年前，只有深圳等一线城市才能举办大运会这样的国际盛会；而今年，大运会的火炬在地处西南地区的超大城市成都重新点燃。

作为一名科技领域的外国专家，我有幸见证了中国科技近十年来的发展。希望中国的科技发展在未来能够再创新高。

四川省德阳市中江县万家生猪专业合作社黄鹿猪场（新华社记者 李梦馨 摄）

Such a case is just a microcosm of the millions of farmers in China.In recent years,environmental protection and African swine fever have forced the Chinese pig industry to upgrade with higher-tech means.Today,rough and shabby pens have become clean and tidy breeding buildings,and foul-smelling livestock and poultry manures have become nutrient-rich organic fertilizers.Pigs have been raised with robots with less use of veterinary antibiotics in breeding.Policies have been gradually introduced in the past ten years,and changes have steadily occurred.The transformation and upgrading of China’s animal husbandry industry has accelerated,and advanced technologies,processes,and equipment have been continuously developed and integrated.The scientific and technological support of animal husbandry,the utilization of livestock and poultry manure resources,and the implementation of planting feed crops have optimized the relationship between planting and breeding and protected the environment.This made green development the central theme of animal husbandry modernization.Antibioticfree products have become an essential part of the high-quality development of animal husbandry;the supply of livestock and poultry products continues to meet diversified consumer needs,and the level of quality and safety has steadily improved.

The development of animal husbandry science and technology is only one aspect of the scientific and technological development of various industries in China.Various industries’scientific and technical progress has jointly raised China’s social and economic level and international influence to a new height.Just as ten years ago,the International Chamber of Commerce Tower was an accredited landmark in Shenzhen.The Ping An Finance Center,just across the street,now leads the new urban skyline.Another example is ten years ago,only a firsttier city like Shenzhen could hold international events like the Universiade.This year,the torch is rekindled in Chengdu,a megacity in the Southwest China.

As a foreign expert engaged in science and technologyrelated work,I am very fortunate to witness the development of China’s science and technology in the past ten years.At the same time,I wish that China’s scientific and technological development can reach new heights.