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梅雨季节高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对设施番茄生产的影响*

2023-08-24江晓东张建取

中国农业气象 2023年8期
关键词:糖酸可溶性番茄

江晓东,张建取,雷 虎

梅雨季节高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对设施番茄生产的影响*

江晓东,张建取,雷 虎

(江苏省农业气象重点实验室/南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/南京信息工程大学气象应用气象学院,南京 210044)

2021年6−7月梅雨期间在南京信息工程大学日光温室开展田间试验,以充分灌溉(100% ET0)为对照(CK),在番茄开花结果期设置T1(90% ET0)、T2(75% ET0)和T3(50% ET0)3个调亏灌溉处理,测定不同灌溉水平下番茄的生长指标、营养品质、感官品质和产量。结果表明,番茄的株高、叶面积、根茎叶干物质积累量等生长指标均随灌溉量的减少呈现先增加后减少的趋势,T1处理各项指标均最大,T2处理次之,显著高于CK和T3处理。番茄产量表现为T1>T2>CK>T3,T1和T2处理分别比CK增产23.21%和9.33%,而T3处理则比CK减产19.36%。番茄可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量以及糖酸比等营养品质指标,果实颜色、光泽、气味、果皮厚度、甜度等感官品质指标也随灌溉量的减少呈现先增加后减少的趋势,T2处理可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、果实颜色、气味、甜度和果皮厚度为各处理最大,T1处理次之。采用隶属函数法评价各处理果实营养品质和感官品质,结果均表现为T2>T1>T3>CK。综合番茄植株的生长状况、果实的营养品质、感官品质和产量认为,T1处理可显著促进番茄植株生长,提高产量并改善品质,为南京梅雨季节高温高湿环境条件下设施番茄开花结果期的推荐灌溉量。

梅雨;高温高湿;调亏灌溉;设施番茄;产量和品质

调亏灌溉是一种在作物生长发育过程中进行人为水分亏缺的调控措施,在节水的前提下实现作物高产优质的灌溉技术[1]。番茄是需水量较大的作物,为了节约用水,提高番茄的产量与品质,众多学者开展了番茄的调亏灌溉研究。刘宇曦等[2−3]认为调亏灌溉可以提高番茄叶片光合速率和抗氧化能力,促进植株生长;张坤等[4]研究认为,调亏灌溉可以促进加工番茄根系生长;Machado等[5−7]等指出,调亏灌溉可以提高番茄水分利用效率和产量;Zhang等[7−10]研究发现,调亏灌溉条件下的番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、番茄红素、可溶性蛋白、维生素C(Vc)的含量和糖酸比均高于充足灌溉的番茄,番茄品质得以提高。

番茄适宜的生长温度为15~25℃[11],适宜的相对湿度为50%~70%[12],当温度超过30℃,番茄生长发育就会受到严重影响[13],当空气相对湿度超过70%,会加重番茄的高温热害[14−16]。灌溉是提高作物抵御高温的重要农艺措施[17−18],但在温室密闭环境中,过量的灌溉有增加空气相对湿度、加重高温热害的风险,所以适宜的水分管理措施对设施番茄生产尤为重要。长江流域是中国番茄的优势产区,塑料棚是该地区主要的温室类型。梅雨是长江流域特有的天气气候现象,因塑料棚的环境主动调控能力差,梅雨季节塑料棚内高温高湿的环境严重制约番茄生产。调亏灌溉以节水增效为宗旨,但目前有关设施番茄的调亏灌溉研究多在气候正常条件下进行,梅雨季节气候特征下的研究鲜见报道,因此,开展梅雨季节设施番茄的调亏灌溉研究,明确调亏灌溉对番茄产量和品质的影响,可为该地区梅雨季节番茄生产提供理论和实践指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

试验于2021年6−7月在南京信息工程大学农业气象试验站日光温室内进行。温室南北走向,长30m,宽10m,顶高5m。供试番茄品种为“合作903”,采用池栽方式进行,栽培池长8m,宽1m,深0.5m,每池栽植3行,番茄行距和株距皆为33cm。供试土壤pH(H2O)值为6.1,有机质含量12.6g·kg−1,全氮含量1.7g·kg−1。番茄于2021年5月定植,定植后进行足量灌溉,保持土壤湿润。灌溉处理在番茄第一穗花现蕾时开始(6月9日),在第三穗果采收后结束(7月20日),每周灌溉1次。以灌溉日前7d的累计参考作物蒸散量(ET0)为依据,设置3个调亏灌溉处理,分别为90% ET0(T1)、75% ET0(T2)、50% ET0(T3),以100% ET0为对照(CK)。试验采用随机区组处理,不同灌溉处理之间使用埋深为50cm的PVC板加塑料薄膜进行隔离,防止水分相互渗漏,每个小区的种植面积为5m2,每处理重复3次。

1.2 项目测定

1.2.1 气象要素观测

温室内空气温度、相对湿度和太阳净辐射等气象数据由安装在温室中央的HOBO U30小型自动气象站(ONSET,USA)测定,每0.5h采集数据1次。温室外气象数据来自温室西南方向100m处的南京信息工程大学大气与环境实验教学中心综合气象观测基地,气温、相对湿度和降水量数据由DZZ4型自动气象站(中国)测定,每0.5h采集数据1次。试验期间温室内外的气象要素变化见图1。由图可见,2021年试验期间温室外降雨日数为21d,降水量为362.8mm,平均气温28.0℃,平均相对湿度73.8%,属于典型的梅雨气候[19];期间温室内平均温度和平均相对湿度分别为31.4℃和72.0%,因实验温室没有主动的环境调控措施,温室内环境受室外环境影响明显,对于番茄来讲,温室内属于高温高湿环境。

图1 2021年试验期间(6月9日−7月20日)温室内外气象要素变化过程

1.2.2 参考作物蒸散量(ET0)计算

采用Qiu[20]等针对温室特点修正的FAO 56 Penman-Monteith模型,计算番茄的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),表达式为

式中,ET0为参考作物蒸散量(mm·d−1),Δ为饱和水汽压的曲线斜率,Rn为净辐射(MJ·m−2·d−1),G为土壤热通量(MJ·m−2),γ为湿度计常数(kPa·℃−1),T为平均温度(℃),es为饱和水汽压(kPa),ea为实际水汽压(kPa)。

1.2.3 生长指标与产量

每个处理随机选取9株长势均匀的植株,进行以下指标测定。

株高(cm):用直尺(精度为1mm)测量地面至植株顶部的高度。

茎粗(mm):用游标卡尺测定植株基部1cm处的茎秆粗度。

叶面积(cm2·株−1):通过剪纸称重法[21]测量每株植株的叶面积。

干物质积累量(g·株−1):植株取样后洗净,按根、茎、叶分开装入纸袋,然后放入75℃恒温干燥箱中烘干至恒重,用0.01g精度的电子天平称量。

根冠比计算式为

式中,R/S为根冠比,Wr为根系干重(g),Wl为叶片干重(g),Ws为茎秆干重(g)。

产量测定(g·株−1):每株番茄的每个果实成熟时采收,用0.01g精度的电子天平称量单果鲜重,单株产量为该植株所有成熟番茄果实的总和。

以上测定项目包括株高、茎粗、叶面积、干物质积累量和根冠比均在试验结束时(7月20日)测定,产量数据为试验过程中测定每株番茄果实质量数据的累计值。

1.2.4 番茄营养品质指标测定

从第二穗和第三穗果实中随机挑选15个果实进行品质分析。采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定可溶性蛋白含量,采用酸碱滴定法测定VC含量,采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性总糖含量,采用酸碱滴定法测定可滴定酸含量,采用手持折光仪测定可溶性固形物含量。以上测定皆参照李合生方法[22]。

糖酸比计算式为

式中,S/A代表糖酸比,Cs代表果实中可溶性糖含量(%),Ca代表果实中可滴定酸含量(%)。

1.2.5 番茄感官品质指标测定

随机选取10人作为志愿者,现场随机品尝,以打分的方式进行果实感官品质测定。从颜色、果皮厚度、涩味、气味、光泽、水分、甜度和酸度8个方面对不同处理番茄感官品质进行评分,评分标准如表1所示。

表1 番茄果实感官品质评价标准

1.3 数据处理

采用隶属函数法[23]对番茄的营养品质和感官品质进行综合评价,计算方法为

式中,x为不同处理某一品质指标的测定值,xmin、xmax分别为所有处理中该指标的最小值和最大值,所测指标与品质呈正相关时则采用式(4)计算隶属值,呈负相关时用式(5)计算。最后将每个处理各项指标隶属函数值求平均,平均值越大说明品质越好,反之说明品质越差。

采用SPSS 22.0进行数据统计分析,采用Excel 2010绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄生长状况的影响

由表2可见,番茄茎粗在8.10~8.81mm区间波动,充分灌溉(CK,100%ET0)与各调亏灌溉处理有一定差异,但处理间差异不显著,说明调亏灌溉对番茄茎粗的影响不大。从番茄植株高度来看,轻度和中度调亏灌溉两处理(T1,90%ET0和T2,70%ET0)植株高度分别为73.67cm和70.67cm,分别比CK高6.45cm和3.45cm,而重度调亏灌溉处理(T3,50%ET0)植株比CK矮3.89cm。从单株叶面积来看,T1和T2处理的叶面积分别为3452.92和3180.61cm2·株−1,分别比CK高26.59%和16.61%,比T3处理高39.13%和28.16%,T1和T2处理显著高于CK和T3处理。可见,适量的调亏灌溉处理(T1和T2处理)可促进番茄植株株高和叶面积的生长,充分灌溉和重度调亏灌溉明显抑制植株生长。

表2 不同灌溉处理番茄植株生长指标的比较

注:数据为平均值±标准误。小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上的差异显著性。CK为对照,表示充分灌溉处理(100% ET0),T1为调亏灌溉处理(90% ET0),T2为调亏灌溉处理(75% ET0),T3为调亏灌溉处理(50% ET0)。下同。

Note:The values are mean ± SE. Lowercase indicates the difference significance among treatments at 0.05 level. CK represent the control, indicating 100% ET0for adequate irrigation treatment, T1, T2 and T3 represents 90% ET0,75% ET0and 50% ET0of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI), respectively. The same as below.

2.2 高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄植株干物质积累量的影响

由表3可见,调亏灌溉处理显著影响番茄植株地上部的干物质积累。各处理叶片干重为19.47~25.25g·株−1,T1处理叶片干重为25.25g·株−1,显著高于T2、T3和CK处理3.17、5.78和5.15g·株−1。各处理茎秆干重为22.67~35.26g·株−1,T1和T2处理茎秆干重分别为35.26和32.70g·株−1,分别比CK显著高6.23和3.67g·株−1,T3处理则比CK显著低6.36g·株−1。地上部干物重为叶片和茎秆干重之和,T1和T2处理分别为60.15和54.78g·株−1,T1显著高于T2处理7.83%,两处理皆显著高于T3和CK,T3处理最低,分别比T1和T2处理低18.37和12.64g·株−1。调亏灌溉显著促进番茄根系的干物质积累,T1、T2和T3处理的番茄根系质量分别比CK增加1.20、0.98和0.77g·株−1。地上部干重和根系干重的变化引起了根冠比的变化,随灌溉量的减少,植株的根冠比显著增加,T1、T2和T3处理皆显著高于CK,T3处理的根冠比为0.12,为最高值,T1与T2处理无显著差异。可见,适量的调亏灌溉处理(T1和T2处理)可促进番茄植株根、茎、叶的干物质积累,保持适宜的根冠比,协调地上部与地下部的关系,而充分灌溉(CK)和重度调亏灌溉(T3)明显抑制植株的干物质积累。

2.3 高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄产量的影响

由图2可见,在调亏灌溉处理初期,CK、T1、T2和T3处理的第一穗果实产量分别为485.00、500.46、439.18和348.56g·株−1,CK与T1、T2处理无显著差异,T3处理显著低于CK处理136.44g·株−1,说明重度调亏灌溉处理在灌溉初期即引起番茄显著减产。在调亏灌溉处理中期和末期,T1和T2处理的第二穗和第三穗果实产量显著高于CK和T3处理,CK与T3处理无显著差异,表明轻度和中度调亏灌溉可以显著提高番茄结实中后期的产量。T1和T2处理番茄总产量分别为1232.96和1094.02g·株−1,分别比CK增产23.21%和9.33%,而T3处理产量仅为806.96g·株−1,比CK减产19.36%,说明高温高湿环境下,轻度亏缺灌溉(T1)最有利于产量的形成,而重度调亏灌溉(T3)导致严重减产。

2.3 高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄品质的影响

2.3.1 对番茄营养品质的影响

由表4可见,T1和T2处理番茄果实可溶性蛋白含量分别为0.63和0.56mg·g−1,显著高于CK的0.43和T3的0.29mg·g−1。可溶性固形物含量各处理间差异显著,T2含量最高,为8.94%,分别比T1、T3和CK高8.05%、27.37%和18.73%。可溶性糖含量T2处理含量最高,为3.49mg·g−1,分别比T1、T3和CK高6.88%、12.07%和24.76%,处理间差异显著。不同处理果实Vc含量和可滴定酸含量变化趋势一致,CK和T1处理含量显著高于T2和T3处理,CK含量最高,T3含量最低,CK与T1处理差异不显著。糖酸比以T2处理最高,为1.04,CK处理最低,为0.73。可见,适量的调亏灌溉处理(T1和T2处理)可显著提高果实可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc含量,保持果实中高的糖酸比,提高果实的营养品质。

番茄的营养品质是多指标的综合表现,采用隶属函数法对可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、Vc含量、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比等指标进行综合评价。由表5可见,各处理综合排序以T2最优,其次为T1,CK处理排序最后,说明中度调亏灌溉(T2处理)的番茄营养品质最好,轻度调亏灌溉(T1处理)次之,CK处理番茄的营养品质最差。

表3 不同灌溉处理番茄植株各部位干物质积累量比较(7月20日测)

图2 不同灌溉处理番茄植株产量比较

注:不同小写字母代表不同处理同一穗果实产量差异显著(P<0.05)。

Note: Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in yield of the same fruit ear under different treatments (P<0.05).

2.3.2 对番茄感官品质的影响

灌水量的不同对番茄感官品质有不同的影响。由表6可知,从“光泽”指标看,随灌溉量的减少,果实光泽度降低,但不同处理的评分之间无显著差异。从“颜色”和“气味”这两个指标来看,T2处理评分最高,分别为7.3和6.7,而T3处理评分最低,分别为5.9和5.3,表明中度调亏灌溉水平下生产的番茄果实对消费者最具有吸引力,而重度调亏灌溉水平下番茄对消费者的吸引力最低。对于“果皮厚度”和“含水量”两个适口性指标,4个处理之间的评分无显著差异,但从数值上看,CK和T1两处理番茄果实果皮厚度评分最低,皆为6.8,果皮最薄,含水量评分分别为7.2和7.1,高于T2和T3处理,说明CK和T1两处理番茄果实水分含量高,适口性好。对于“涩味”、“甜度”和“酸度”3个口感指标,T1和T2处理番茄的涩味最低,评分皆为1.0,“甜度”以T2处理评分最高,为5.4,“酸度”以T1处理评分最低,为5.0,说明T1和T2处理的番茄口感好。表7为隶属函数法对不同处理番茄感官品质的综合评价结果。由表可知,T2、T1、CK和T3处理排序依次为1、2、3和4,说明T2处理的番茄果实最受品尝者青睐,感官品质最好,而T3处理番茄果实最不受品尝者欢迎,感官品质最差。

表4 不同灌溉处理番茄营养品质指标比较

表5 番茄营养品质指标隶属值及其综合评价

表6 不同灌溉处理番茄感官品质分值比较

表7 番茄感官品质指标隶属值及综合评价

3 结论与讨论

3.1 讨论

3.1.1 高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄生长发育与产量的影响

适宜的温度和水分供应是番茄高产的基础。研究表明,高温高湿胁迫下番茄光合速率降低,干物质积累量减少,产量明显下降[13−16]。在番茄适宜生长的季节,水分亏缺也会导致番茄产量降低[8,24−25]。本研究结果表明,梅雨季节高温高湿环境下,轻度和中度调亏灌溉显著提高了番茄的产量,这与高温高湿条件下植物蒸腾减少,植株对土壤水分的需求减少有关[15],也与高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄生长发育的调控有关。本研究表明,在高温高湿环境下,轻度(90% ET0)和中度(70% ET0)调亏灌溉可以显著提高番茄植株的叶面积,地上部和地下部干物质积累量增加,促进高温高湿环境下番茄植株的生长,有效协调了植株地上部与地下部的关系,促进了植株的物质转化效率,产量显著提高。充分灌溉(100% ET0)和重度调亏灌溉(50% ET0)显著降低了番茄叶面积及干物质积累的增加,根系干重显著减少,植株的生长受到抑制。这是因为在重度调亏灌溉处理下,番茄植株根冠比显著升高,植株积累的干物质更多地向根部分配,不利于产量的形成,而在充分灌溉条件下,土壤过多的水分限制了根系的生长,植株的根冠比最低,根系干物质分配量少,不利于对土壤养分的吸收,番茄产量显著降低。

3.1.2 高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对番茄品质的影响

高温影响作物的碳氮代谢,高温下果实总糖含量下降[26],有机酸含量明显升高,糖酸比明显降低[14],果皮变硬,Vc含量降低[27],果实品质变差。番茄果实品质受灌溉量影响明显,调亏灌溉可提高番茄果实中的可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、Vc、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和糖酸比等指标,从而改善果实品质[2,7−10,24−25],而严重的调亏灌溉会导致果实糖酸比和Vc含量降低[9,28]。本研究结果表明,在梅雨季节高温高湿环境下,轻度和中度调亏灌溉处理有效提高了番茄果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、Vc、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和糖酸比,果实品质得到显著提高,中度调亏灌溉处理的番茄果实品质最好,而充分灌溉和重度调亏灌溉处理下果实可溶性蛋白质、Vc和可溶性糖含量降低,糖酸比下降,果实品质变差。这是因为在高温高湿条件下,适宜的调亏灌溉提高了番茄的光合活性[2−3],光合产物以蔗糖的形式运转到果实中,提高了果实的可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,加之果实中较高的糖分积累同时促进了Vc含量的升高,改善了番茄的营养品质。

适宜的调亏灌溉还有利于提高果实的番茄红素含量[8,10]和挥发物中芳香物质的浓度[29−30],使果实具有更加诱人的色泽和香气。综合果实颜色、光泽、气味、甜度等指标,志愿者对本试验中度调亏灌溉处理的番茄口感评分最高,轻度调控灌溉处理次之,充分灌溉和重度调亏灌溉的评分最低,表明高温高湿环境下适度的调亏灌溉有利于提高番茄果实的感官品质。

3.1.3 高温高湿环境下番茄的最佳灌溉量

为了协调番茄的产量和品质,国内外学者在调亏灌溉方面做了大量的研究,张坤等[4]指出,75% ET0的灌水定额为西北地区加工番茄种植的较优灌溉制度。Machado等[5]指出,采用滴灌方法0.9 ETc为最佳的灌溉量。Zhang等[7]在河套平原沙壤土的实验表明,80% ETc处理的番茄产量最高、品质较好。郑凤杰等[6]指出,在河套灌区大田畦灌方式下,加工番茄果期实施67%灌水量产量最高,还可以提高品质。本试验结果与之相似,在梅雨季节高温高湿条件下,温室内灌溉量为90% ET0时产量最高、品质较好,而灌溉量为75% ET0时品质最好,产量较高。综合考虑认为,长江中下游地区梅雨季节设施高温高湿环境下,番茄开花结果期的推荐灌溉量为90% ET0。

3.2 结论

调亏灌溉显著影响番茄品质,在高温高湿的梅雨季节,轻度调亏灌溉(90% ET0)可显著促进番茄植株生长,提高产量;中度调亏灌溉(75% ET0)可显著改善番茄的营养品质和感官品质;充分灌溉(100% ET0)和重度调亏灌溉(50% ET0)条件下番茄植株长势弱,减产显著,果实品质变差。综合产量和品质表现,轻度调亏灌溉是南京梅雨季节设施番茄生产的推荐灌溉量。

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Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Greenhouse Tomato Production under High Temperature and High Humidity Environment in Meiyu Season

JIANG Xiao-dong, ZHANG Jian-qu, LEI Hu

(Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/ School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)

In order to study the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the yield and quality of tomato under high temperature and high humidity environment in the Meiyu season, a field experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse of Nanjing University of Information Technology during the Meiyu season from June to July in 2021. Using adequate irrigation (100% ET0) as the control (CK), three levels of RDI treatments were set up from flowering to fruiting stage of tomato, which were T1 (90% ET0), T2 (75% ET0) and T3 (50% ET0) respectively. The growth indices, nutritional quality, sensory quality and yield of tomato under different irrigation treatments were measured. The results showed that the plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation of root, stem and leaf of tomato increased first and then decreased with the decrease of irrigation amount. The plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation of root, stem and leaf of tomato in T1 treatment were the highest, followed by T2 treatment, and which were significantly higher than CK and T3 treatment. The yield of each treatment was T1>T2>CK>T3. The yield of T1 and T2 treatments were 23.21% and 9.33% higher than that of CK respectively, while that of T3 treatment was 19.36% lower than that of CK. The content of soluble protein, soluble solids, soluble sugar, titratable acid, the ratio of sugar to acid and the sensory quality such as color, luster, smell, peel thickness and sweetness all increased first and then decreased with the decrease of irrigation amount. Nutritional quality indicators such as soluble protein content, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio, and sensory quality indicators such as fruit color, luster, aroma, pericarp thickness, sweetness also increased first and then decreased with the decrease of irrigation amount. The soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, sugar-acid ratio, fruit color, fruit smell, fruit sweetness and pericarp thickness of T2 treatment were the highest, followed by T1 treatment. The nutritional quality and sensory quality of fruits were evaluated by membership function method, and the results were T2>T1>T3>CK. According to the growth status of tomato plants, the nutritional quality, sensory quality and yield of tomato fruits, T1 treatment could significantly promote the growth of tomato plants, increase fruit yield and improve fruit qualityunder the environmental conditions of high temperature and high relative humidity in Meiyu season.Therefore, T1 treatment is the recommended irrigation amount for greenhouse tomato from flowering to fruiting stage under the high temperature and high humidity environment in Meiyu season of Nanjing.

Meiyu season; High temperature and high humidity; Regulated deficit irrigation; Greenhouse tomato; Yield and quality

10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.08.004

江晓东,张建取,雷虎.梅雨季节高温高湿环境下调亏灌溉对设施番茄生产的影响[J].中国农业气象,2023,44(8):685-694

2022−09−23

国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1002202)

江晓东,E-mail:jiangxd@nuist.edu.cn

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