2023年高考英语考前的“纯干货”
2023-07-20赵叶
赵叶
高考临近,莘莘学子拭目以待,立志在高考中书写辉煌。那么,我们如何应对才能提高备考效率,使自己立于不败之地呢?
一、笃定必胜信心——旗开得胜
只要善于挖掘,每个人的潜力都是无穷的。英语高考备考也是如此。我们要抱有坚定的必胜信心,坚信只要“长缨”握在手,定能及时“缚苍龙”。
二、掌握科学方法——事半功倍
英语学习的科学方法就是遵循语言学习的规律,从语义、语感、语境、语篇、语用几个方面进行备考,这样能够达到“事半功倍”的效果。
(一)语义——记忆词汇的基石
任何词汇都是通过一定的句法关系和语义关系与其他词汇建立起联系,并在语境中传递信息的。学习词汇要通过听、说、读、看、写等语言活动,理解和表达与各种主题相关的信息或观点。
记忆单词的方法有很多,考前阶段我们可以使用以下方法提高对单词的记忆效率。
(1)分类整理巩固记忆。在复习课标词汇时,我们尽量不要每天给自己规定记多少个单词,然后一个一个去记忆。较科学的做法是把课标中的词汇分类归纳及掌握。比如:把与艺术、科技相关的词汇和与人物相关的词汇分别挑选出来,逐个击破。
(2)语篇呈现语境记忆。在平时的试题中,我们总会遇到一些重点词汇或者陌生词汇。在完成试题所规定的任务之后,我们可以把试题中的这些常用词汇,记录在词汇本上,在以后的学习中不断翻阅、浏览,达到记忆和掌握的目的。
比如,与“和谐、繁荣、平等、诚信”相关的词汇:
harmonious 和谐的 live in harmony 生活和谐 prosperous 繁荣的 civilized 文明的 honest 诚实的 credible 诚信的 social morality 社会道德 patriotic 爱国的 balanced 平衡的 peaceful 和平的 sustainable development 可持续发展
(3)对比联想不同词义。以head为例:
from head to foot 从头到脚 at the head of a list 在名单的开头 a department head 一个部门的主任 head to a place 前往某地
Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人。
The problem is who can head the delegation. 问题是谁能带领这个代表团。
备考内容
总结课标新增但是某些版本的教材中没有出现的一些词汇:
anticipate 期盼 enhance 提高 generate 产生 genuine 真诚的 identical 相同的 integrate 合并 internal 内部的 launch 发动 peak 顶峰 perceive 察觉到 phase 阶段 proceed 继续做 pursue 追求 quote 引用 release 释放tackle 处理
(二)语感——突破语法的捷径
在语言使用中,语法知识是“形式—意义—使用”的统一体。我们可以通过听、说、读、看、写等方式感知、理解相关主题意义,并在大量的语言学习活动中强化语感,迁移词汇运用的能力,最終做到语法知识的内化、迁移和运用。
1. 正确区分谓语动词与非谓语动词
(1)谓语动词
对主语的动作状态或特征的陈述或说明,即“做什么”“是什么” “怎么样”。判断谓语动词,要考虑动词在语境中的时态、语态与主谓一致。
简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:We plant trees in spring every year.
复合谓语:由“情态动词或助动词+动词或动词短语”构成。如:We have read the novel.
(2)非谓语动词
主要形式包括to do、doing和done,在句中可以承担除谓语以外的其他成分。
请体会下列各句画线部分动词的用法:
I heard him asking you questions when I was passing by. (非谓语,宾语补足语)
When I arrived, he was asking the teacher questions in the classroom.(谓语,过去进行时)
2. 掌握有提示词题与无提示词题的考查要点
备考内容
1. 常考时态的区别方法
常考的时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。只要掌握了现在完成时的使用场合,一般现在时和一般过去时就容易分辨。
表示过去的动作对现在的影响,并有下列标志性词汇时,常使用现在完成时:so far、since+过去时间、ever since、since then、since+句子、in/during/over the last few years、recently、in recent years、for years/for centuries、these days、many times、by now等。
2. 非谓语动词的区别方法
非谓语动词常考的三种基本形式有to do、doing和done。只要掌握了to do的使用场合,其他表示主动的动作就用doing,表示被动的动作就用done。
使用to do的常见场合如下:
(1)表示目的(可置于主句前面或者后面);
(2)在名词way/ability/chance/measure等后作定语;
(3)在表语形容词后面,如be glad to do;
(4)在序数词后,如the first to do;
(5)用作真正的宾语,如find it hard to do;
(6)在某些特定的动词后作宾语补足语,如allow sb to do;
(7)在某些特定的动词后作宾语,如want to do;
(8)与疑问词连用相当于名词短语,如what to do可以作主语、宾语或表语等;
(9)表示“有事情要做”,如have sth to do;
(10)表示意想不到的结果(其前可以有逗号),如only to find。
3. 双写词尾字母的现在分词
不规则动词大家都会熟记,但是一些双写词尾变为动词?ing形式的动词需要特殊记忆。常见的有:prefer、refer、admit、equip、occur、stop、shop、ship、plan、regret、permit、step、ban、beg、drag、drop、spot、nod、wrap、jog、hug、tap、cut、put、dig、sit、win、run、forget、get、set、swim、begin等。
4. 词形变换
(1)形容词变副词
①直接加ly,如:absolute→absolutely apparent→apparently eventual→eventually
②直接加y,如:full→fully
③去e加ly,如:true→truly
④将y变为i,再加ly,如:easy→easily heavy→heavily
⑤去e加y(通常是?ble/?ple结尾的词),如:simple→simply possible→possibly probable→probably comfortable→comfortably
⑥在c结尾的词后面加ally,如:specific→specifically dramatic→dramatically
(2)动词变名词
①加ment,如:move→movement treat→treatment achieve→achievement
②加ness,如:ill→illness careless→carelessness hopeless→hopelessness
(三)语境——解码完形填空的密钥
文章选材围绕人与自我、人与社会和人与自然这三大主题语境。完形填空的设题都是围绕上下文语境,设计句内层次题、句组层次题和语篇层次题。根据上下文语境进行选择,才是解答完形填空的密钥。
方法点拨
1. 句内层次题——边读边选
先确定设空处的词义,然后再对比选项,找到符合语境的答案。如2022年全国乙卷第36题:
Their36to the questions reflected their true belief that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.”
36. A. responses
B. approaches
C. contribution
D. sensitivity
【解析】A 根據空后的to the questions可知,此处表示孩子们对于问题的回答。故选A。
2. 句组层次题——“瞻前顾后”
通读设空处前面和后面的句子,然后找到对应的关键词,选出正确答案。如2022年新高考Ⅰ卷第53题:
We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor. As we all sat there helplessly, a fisherman pulled up, threw us a rope and towed (拖) us back. We were53 .
53. A. sorry B. brave C. safe D. right
【解析】C 作者在无助的时候,刚好有一个渔民向作者提供援助。所以,此处表示作者一家是安全的。
3. 语篇层次题——“上下求索”
需要熟悉全篇文章的信息,综合全篇语境和主题意义,找到符合语篇主题语境的选项。如2022年浙江卷第16题:
When Beverley Burdeyney turned seventy four last year, she started having problems with her16 , notably dryness and discomfort.
...
Eventually, ..., who has done ground?breaking work on eye care using stem cells.
16. A. throat B. skin C. lungs D. eyes
【解析】D 根据下文中的ground?breaking work on eye care可知,此处是眼睛有了问题。故选D。
备考内容
1. 熟词生义记心中
在高考完形填空中,熟词生义是拉开差距的分水岭,所以,我们平时要多注意积累。以shoot为例。
(1)The searchlight shot a long ray across the sky. (射出光线等)
(2)They shot angry glances at her. (投射视线等;抛出)
(3)Rose bushes shoot again after being cut back. (伸展;幼芽等长出)
(4)The new movie was shot in Africa. (拍摄)
(5)His right hand shot to the drawer, but his wallet was nowhere to be found.(迅速伸向)
综上所述,不同词义与本义“射击”都有着或多或少的联系。因此,我们要根据上下文语境,灵活地掌握熟词生义的用法。
2. 动词短语勤归纳
常用的动词短语包括动词agree、come、bring、cut、give、make、pull、put、set、take、turn等构成的短语,我们在学习中要勤于归纳和辨别。
(四)语篇——破解阅读的抓手
我们要做到准确理解多模态语篇传递的要义和具体信息,推断作者的意图、情感、态度和价值取向,提炼主题意义。在与文本的互动中,获得语言知识,并通过学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新等一系列創新思维活动,学会分析问题、解决问题,落实英语学科核心素养。
方法点拨
1. 语篇解读
我们可以借鉴下列不同文体的命题特点,从而更好地了解不同语篇的特征,在答题时做到“触类旁通”。
(1)记叙文
(2)说明文
(3)议论文
(4)新闻报道
2. 提升步骤
(1)试题作答与讲解。做完之后对一下答案,找到错点。
(2)阅读策略归纳。先根据不同文体特征分析文本,总结出答题的策略与方法。
(3)归纳命题特点与考查要求。例如说明文通常是在科普一个现象或者解释事物的特征和本质等,说明事物或现象“是什么”“为什么”以及“会怎样”的问题。
(4)找到易错点,分析原因。错因往往有三种,即断章取义、偷梁换柱或者张冠李戴。
(5)针对错因的方法指导。如果错误出在主旨大意题方面,那就要特别关注文章的标题、首段、末段以及注释。
备考内容
1. 细节理解题中的同义替换
(1)词汇替换。如:valuable→treasured→invaluable→priceless 无价的;宝贵的 realize→perceive→sense 意识到 evidently→obviously→apparently 显而易见地 expect→anticipate 预期;期待 unfold→reveal 揭示 deliberately→intentionally→purposely 故意地
(2)短语替换。如:from pig to prince and back again→through ups and downs起起伏伏 be an old story→be not a new phenomenon司空见惯 address the problem→tackle the problem 解决问题 have an edge over→be superior to比……优越 be consistent with→be in line with与……一致
(3)单词与短语替换。如:accessible→easy to reach 容易到达的 ignore→pay no attention→take no notice 忽略 habitat→where to live 居住地 unwilling→drag your feet 勉强的 consult→seek advice 咨询 collapse→fall down 倒塌 monitor→keep an eye on 监视
2. 常见观点态度类词汇
(1)表示赞同:positive 积极的 optimistic 乐观的 favorable 赞同的 approving 赞同的 supportive 支持的
(2)表示反对:negative 否定的 disapproval 不赞同的 critical 批评的 worried 担心的
(3)表示中立:objective 客观的 neutral 中立的
(4)表示怀疑:skeptical 怀疑的 suspicious 怀疑的 doubtful 怀疑的 puzzled 困惑的
3. 描述人的优秀品质的形容词
dedicated/devoted/committed 献身的 ambitious 有雄心的 diligent/hard?working/industrious 勤劳的 creative 创造(性)的 considerate/thoughtful 体贴的 generous 慷慨的 determined/strong?willed 坚定的 spirited/energetic 精力充沛的 responsible 负责的 pushy 有进取心的 knowledgeable 有见识的 trustworthy 值得信赖的 understanding 善解人意的
(五)语用——提升写作的妙方
要增强语用意识,增强对交际对象情感距离的感知,并根据这一知识,判断是否要使用正式或非正式、直接或委婉的表达方式,确保交际得体、有效。
方法点拨
1. 立意高远审好题
立意决定内容的深度。要站在命题人的角度思考:考查考生哪一种素养?
应用文写作关注相关热门话题(与主题意义相关):热爱祖国、心系社会;热爱劳动、五育并举;加强锻炼、强身健体;传统文化、乐于传承;注重友情、心中有爱;承担责任、勇于担当;科技兴国、创新精神;阳光乐观、积极向上等。在写作时,要注意语言的使用和细节的添加都绕围绕主题意义展开。
2. 妙笔生花选准词
(1)用词要简洁、精确。语义上不要重复,注意变换句式 。如:
原句:He is a strong?willed person and he is a determined person.
优化:He is a strong?willed person with great determination.
(2)用词要多样。注意不要一味地重复使用某个词汇,可以适当转换成同义词或短语。如:
原句:The teachers encouraging words made me realize my energy and made me willing to learn English.
优化:The teachers encouraging words made me realize my energy and motivated me
to expose myself to English learning spontaneously.
(3)多用具体的词,更加传神 。词义比较具体的词会使表达更加准确、生动。如:
原句:Some people like to read newspapers very quickly and try to find some interesting stories.
优化:Some people like to flip through newspapers and try to find some interesting stories.
(4)可以使用非灵主语。非灵主语(inanimate subject),类似于拟人。如:
原句:Recently people celebrate the 100th anniversary with a flood of books, TV programs and concerts.
优化:Recent days have seen a flood of books, TV programs and concerts to celebrate the 100th anniversary.
(5)可以使用抽象名词作主语。表达感受时,使用抽象名词作主语会显得语言地道、传神。如:
原句:I felt very scared.
优化:A wave of horror overwhelmed me.
3. 丰富语言三步走
(1)“一添”:多用形容词和副词,增强句子的灵动性。如:
The glorious day set off my passion for and interest in the violin.
(2)“二换”:巧替换,课标词汇衍生词优先原则。如:
He is very tall. →He is surprisingly tall.
(3)“三升级”:升级为短语或者更高级的词块。如:
I think doing housework is meaningful. →I take the attitude/I harbor the idea that doing housework is meaningful.
4. 巧妙润色增亮点
(1)纠正错误,做到词汇妥帖,语法无误。
例句:Learning that youll back your country, so Im writing to express my best wish for you.
错因:句首用了分词短语,那么,后半部分应该是主句,不能再用so。该句出现了名词复数错误、动词和介词错误。
改为:Learning that youll go back to your country, Im writing to express my best wishes for you.
(2)换用短语,使得词汇丰富,文采飞扬。
例句:We can use our library every week.
改为:We can get easy access to our library every week.
(3)巧用句型,使得句式多样,亮点频现。
例句:As soon as we arrived, we began to work.
改为:Hardly had we arrived when we set out to fulfil our task.
備考内容
1. 黄金素材积累
在平时的学习中,我们要注意积累一些写作素材,巧妙地运用到自己的文章中,久而久之,我们就能写出出彩的文章。可供借鉴的常用句式有:
(1)Meanwhile, it is my independence that makes it easy for me to adapt to a new environment.(使用强调句型)
(2)As for my hobby, Im keen on playing football, which makes it possible for me to make more friends with the same interest.(使用非限制性定语从句)
(3)Not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, but also my cheerful personality is well suited to working as a receptionist.(使用倒装句型)
2. 经典范文背诵
我们平时要注意背诵经典范文,摘抄好的词汇、句型或句式,反复研读,巧妙地运用在自己今后的写作中,提高自己的作品质量。那么,如何背诵经典范文呢?
(1)在理解的基础上背诵
I love my motherland
To arouse our teenagers awareness of love of our motherland, our school held an English speech contest with the theme of “I love my motherland”.
Hardly had I known the theme when I involved myself in preparations. Having well prepared, I got down to drafting. Worried about my language accuracy as well as intonation, I rehearsed my speech in front of my foreign teacher, who gave me useful guidance. Facing the judges online, I delivered the speech with confidence.
The prize reminded me of the efforts I devoted. Most importantly, the spirit of patriotism will be rooted in the depths of my heart.
如何理解本篇范文呢?可以根据文章的要点去理解,其包括比赛的目的和主题、比赛的过程(准备工作、稿件起草、进行排练、自信演讲),以及围绕主题意义的感受(付出的努力,爱国热情的提高)。理解了文章的要点就可以顺利完成背诵任务。
(2)借助思维导图背诵
Dear Jim,
With Earth Day approaching, our school is collecting ideas for an activity aimed at raising peoples awareness of protecting the environment. Id like to share mine with you, seeking your advice.
My plan consists of two parts. The first part is to make posters, comparing the present and the past situation of our surroundings. My plan also involves a voluntary activity, aiming to call for all walks of people to contribute to a clean environment. Not only can the whole school raise their awareness of environmental protection, but they will be more willing to perform their responsibility.
What do you think of it? Looking forward to your suggestions.
Yours,
Li Hua
我们可以借助下面的思维导图背诵该范文:
[“地球日”宣传周
活动创意] [简介] [创意][to make posters][a voluntary activity][raise their awareness of environmental protection][be more willing to perform their responsibility][内容][好处][交际][with Earth Day approaching][our school is collecting ideas][share mine with you, seeking your advice][What do you think of it?][Looking forward to your suggestions.]
(3)根据关键词或逻辑关系背诵
My greatest harvest in the past year
Time flew! One year passed before I knew it. Thinking of it, I have harvested a lot. As for the biggest harvest, celebrating my 18th birthday should be put in the first place.
Learning to take responsibility as an adult is the biggest reward for me, which has many positive influences on my life. Firstly, I am much clearer about my goal in life and I feel highly motivated to achieve it. More importantly, I learn to appreciate what I have already had. The love as well as the dedication of my teachers and parents motivates me to play my part.
When it comes to the coming year, I do hope I can be admitted to my ideal university.
我們可以根据文章的逻辑关系和关键词背诵该范文:
三、加强针对训练——得心应手
掌握了一定的知识,我们只有在动态真实的语境中反复训练才能达到真正掌握的目的。所以,我们一定要根据自己的实际情况,针对性地进行限时训练,通过训练找到问题,然后找到问题的突破口,反思并提升。我们只要在上考场之前把问题都尽可能妥善地解决,在高考考场上就能如鱼得水、得心应手,最终在高考中取得理想的成绩。