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主题1:完形填空考点预测与考法预判

2023-07-14昝亚娟

疯狂英语·爱英语 2023年2期
关键词:考点议论文观点

昝亚娟

四层考点预测

考点1 考查词汇在语篇语境中的运用完形填空题要求考生在整体理解语篇意义的基础上,根据具体语境选择一个恰当的词填入设空处。选项具有以下特征:1. 四个选项没有近义词,意义相差很大;2. 四个选项词性相同,语法形式一致;3. 四个选项在语法上都是正确的,都可填入设空处,只是意义不同,或与语境不符,或逻辑不通,或不符合文章的主题。因此,我们必须依据具体的语境来选择最佳答案。

真题链接

Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which be?came his second 21 . He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a veryyoung age.

When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around hishome. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away anumber of birds. 25 , the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that itwas because there werent enough trees to protect them from the 27 .

21. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice

22. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge

23. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward

24. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage

25. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise

26. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted

27. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust

备考点睛

本文讲述了一个名叫Molai的印度男子植树造林的故事。文章的主题语境为人与自然,话题为保护环境。在解题时,我们应关注设空句的具体语境,来选择最佳答案。

Molai住的村子附近的湿地是他的第二个家(home),故第21题的答案为C。经常在湿地玩耍,所以他从小就知道了大自然(nature)的价值和美丽,故第22题的答案为A。他16岁时开始注意到令人不安的(disturbing)事情在他的家乡发生,故第23题的答案为C。洪涝灾害发生了,它带来的破坏(damage)导致一些小鸟飞走了,故第24题的答案为D。蛇的数量也减少了,此句与前文构成并列关系,故第25题的答案为A。他意识到(realized)这是因为没有足够的树来保护它们免受高温(heat)的影响,故第26题的答案为B,第27题的答案为B。

考点2 考查对语篇的整体理解

完形填空题的设题技巧性非常强,逻辑非常严谨。正确选项通常与整体语篇存在着千丝万缕的联系,关注整体语篇对解题至关重要。

真题链接

Over the past 38 years, Mr. Wang has pretended to be someone else many times, andhas even learned to 41 different dialects (方言), leading to him being described as an“Oscar?winning actor”

The 60?year?old is not an actor, but a 42 . However, he is more devoted to his“ 43 ”than any real actor.

In the 1990s, a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beg?gars. To look into the 44 , Wang disguised (伪装) himself and 45 the beggars.Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the 46 of a real beggar and his convincing dialectsoon won him the 47 of the beggars.

41. A. teach B. compare C. assess D. speak

42. A. lawyer B. doctor C. policeman D. businessman

43. A. role B. study C. family D. audience

44. A. mirror B. case C. future D. question

45. A. interviewed B. joined C. arrested D. assisted

46. A. challenge B. experience C. appearance D. freedom

47. A. vote B. sympathy C. permission D. trust

备考点睛

本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了警察王先生多次乔装打扮,学会说不同的方言,冒险潜伏在犯罪团伙中,最终成功破案的故事。文章的主题语境为人与社会。我们在解题时,应关注整体语篇,从文中找到解题的线索。

在过去的38年里,王先生多次乔装打扮,甚至学会了说(speak)不同的方言,因此他被称为“奥斯卡获奖演员”,故第41题的答案为D。这位60岁的老人不是演员,而是一名警察(policeman),故第42题的答案为C。然而,他比任何真正的演员都更专注于他的“角色(role)”,故第43题的答案为A。为了调查这个案子(case),王先生伪装自己,并加入(joined)到一帮乞丐中,故第44题的答案为B,第45题的答案为B。肮脏的短裤和旧鞋子使他的外表(appearance)看起来像一个真正的乞丐,并且他那令人信服的方言很快赢得了乞丐们的信任(trust),故第46题的答案为C,第47题的答案为D。

考点3 考查对语篇结构和主题的把握

有的完形填空题的素材并非完全采用叙述的手法,而是在叙事的同时,融入一些议论,此类文章往往采用叙议结合的写作方法。遇到此类素材的完形填空题,我们要认真分析文章的结构,从议论中归纳出文章的主题。此类文章通常采用以下三种模式:

1. 事件—观点

作者首先叙述一个典型事件,然后针对这一事件发表自己的观点和看法。

2. 观点—事件

作者先提出一种观点或看法,然后围绕这一观点或看法用具体的事件作为例证。

3. 观点—事件—观点

作者先提出一种观点或看法,然后用事件进行说明,最后再总结、归纳自己的观点或表明自己的态度。

真题链接

During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education departmentwas offering a“free”course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 the idea oftaking the class because, after all, who doesnt want to 42 a few dollars? More thanthat, Id always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I werent 43 enough about freecredits, news about our 44 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grand?master, which 45 I would be learning from one of the games 46 . I could hardlywait to 47 him.

41. A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. turned down

42. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay

43. A. excited B. worried C. moved D. tired

44. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor

45. A. urged B. demanded C. held D. meant

46. A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest

47. A. interview B. meet C. challenge D. beat

备考点睛

本文的原文叙议结合,前两段叙事,最后一段发表议论,议论部分升华了主题。

我们只有通过分析文章的结构,才能准确把握文章的主题,从而精准解题。

“我”急切地接受了(jumped at)选修Thinking Chess课的想法,故第41题的答案为B。根据第一句中的the education department was offering a“free”course可知,第42空所在处指的是“谁不想省(save)几美元呢?”,故第42题的答案为C。即便免费的学分不能让“我”足够兴奋(excited),关于这门课的讲师(instructor)的消息对“我”也是非常有吸引力的,故第43题的答案为A,第44题的答案为D。他是一位国际特级大师,这就意味着(meant“) 我”可以向该领域最优秀的(best)人学习。所以“我”迫不及待地想见到(meet)他。故第45、46、47题的答案分别为D、C、B。

考点4 考查对行文逻辑的推断

完形填空题的文章体裁多样,结构严谨,语言逻辑性强。解题时,我们首先应快读原文,抓住文章大意,然后分析段落之间的逻辑关系和句子之间的逻辑关系,再依据行文逻辑,进行合理的推断。

真题链接

In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one.The 36 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37 becausepeople are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.

How did we 38 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 39 anobject than to spend time and money to repair it. 40 modern manufacturing (制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.

36. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem

37. A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products

38. A. face B. become C. observe D. change

39. A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw

40. A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of

备考点睛

本文是一篇议论文。文章第一段指出垃圾带来越来越多的问题,第二段分析了地球上垃圾与日俱增的原因。我们厘清了作者的写作思路,明确了行文逻辑,再来解题,答案就会一目了然。

在现代社会,当一件东西用坏了,我们就会把它扔掉,再买一个新的。问题(prob?lem)是世界各国的垃圾(rubbish)都堆积如山,因为现在人们扔掉的垃圾比以往任何时候都多。故第36题选D,第37题选B。我们的社会是如何变成(become)一个充斥着垃圾的社会的?故第38题选B。首先,现在更换(replace)一个物品比花时间和金钱去修理它更容易,故第39题选C。多亏了(Thanks to)当代的制造业和技术,公司能够更快地生产产品,成本也降低很多,故第40题选A。

考点5 考查思辨能力

议论文是完形填空常用的文体之一。议论文具体的结构模式有以下三种:

模式一:引言段(提出个人观点)—主体段(论证部分)—结论段。

模式二:引言段(提出反方观点)—主体段(反驳反方观点)—结论段。

模式三:引言段(提出个人观点)—主体段(正方观点、反方观点)—结论段。

在做议论文类的完形填空题时,我们首先要快速找到作者的主要论点,进而抓住全文的主旨大意。其次,我们要认真思考文章谋篇布局的手段,了解各个段落的功能,感受作者論证的过程。最后,我们要循着作者的思路重读全文,推敲各空的答案。

真题链接

Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up the markets, in?creasingly transforming the world economy into one free?flowing global market. The ques?tion is: Is economic globalization 50 for all?

According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization hashelped reduce 51 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study thatshows increased wealth 52 to improved education and longer life in twenty?four de?veloping countries as a result of integration ( 融合) of local economies into the worldeconomy. Home to some three billion people, these twenty?four countries have seen in?comes 53 at an average rate of five percent—compared to two percent in developedcountries.

Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries willbenefit from new opportunities for small and home?based businesses. 55 , smallfarmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56 open?airmarkets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.

Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 57the gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.?sponsored World Com?mission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing coun?tries have actually 58 from integration into the world economy and that the poor, theuneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 59 , theymaintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, In?dian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to60 their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of 61 .When large?scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores likeWal?Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowdedout.

One thing is certain about globalization—there is no 63 . Advances in technologycombined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The64 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.

50. A. possible B. smooth C. good D. easy

51. A. crime B. poverty C. conflict D. population

52. A. contributing B. responding C. turning D. owing

53. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase

備考点睛

本文的话题是经济全球化的利弊问题,故第50题的答案为C。根据第二段可知,经济全球化的好处是可以帮助减少贫困(poverty),故第51题的答案为B。一项研究表明,财富增加有助于(contributing)改善教育,故第52题的答案为A。第二段陈述了经济全球化的好处,故第53题的答案为D。在弄懂大意、厘清思路的基础上,我们再结合语境认真思考,缜密推理,就能顺利解答剩下的问题。

四翼考法预判

创新路径1 命题情境的创新

情境是实现考查内容和考查要求的载体,英语学科的考查情境主要通过主题语境来构建和体现。《普通高中英语课程标准》提出三大主题语境,包括人与自我、人与社会和人与自然,其下又包含若干个主题群,同时列出主题语境的内容要求。英语学科命题以此为依据,选取篇章材料,设计任务情境,搭建贴近生活实际和教学内容的考查载体。近年的高考命题情境涉及学生的生活实践与学习探索情境,包括住院治疗、子女教育、名胜游览、助人为乐等,由此,我们可以预测,完形填空题的命题情境将会更加丰富,例如:个人体验情境、学科认知情境和社会生活情境,尤其是包括家庭生活、学校生活等的社会生活情境。

创新路径2 主题语境和语篇的创新

主题语境、语篇类型、语言知识、文化知识、语言技能和学习策略是构成英语课程的六个要素。主题语境涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然,涉及人文社会科学和自然科学等领域的内容,为学科育人提供话题和语境。语篇类型包括记叙文、说明文和议论文,为语言学习提供文体素材。

为了更好地落实“立德树人”的根本任务,培养学生正确的人生观和价值观,完形填空题的命题必将继续采用更多的传递正能量的素材,语篇的话题更加多元化,内容更加丰富。父母做出的好榜样、身边的平民英雄、最崇拜的偶像和个人的成长经历等例子,都能体现对学生的思想的教育,我们应高度关注这方面的素材。

创新路径3 试题体裁的创新

虽然近两年新高考的完形填空题都是记叙文,讲述某个人的励志故事,对学生的人生观和价值观进行引领,但全国卷的高考完形填空题曾选用过说明文,上海市的高考完形填空题曾选用过议论文。2018~2021全国卷的完形填空题素材分析表如下:

由上表可知,全国卷的完形填空题大多以记叙文作为命题素材,但是也不止一次用过说明文类的文章。为了更好地考查学生的思辨能力,把议论文作为考查素材也存在较大的可能。因此,我们也应练习一些说明文和议论文体裁的完形填空题。

一核考题预演

见P58~P69《学习妙测》栏目《2023年高考热点命题1:完形填空》对应内容。

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