谈谈细节理解题的解答技巧
2023-05-10徐婕
徐婕
阅读理解题分值占比高,答题时间紧,难度较高。因此,针对不同类型的阅读理解题,教师可以指导学生有针对性地选择具体的答题技巧和方法,从而提高解题效率。常规性阅读理解题包括细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、词义猜测题。根据对近三年高考阅读理解题的命题规律及特点进行剖析,发现细节理解题的考查占阅读理解题总题量的60%左右,以下是笔者结合细节理解类高考阅读真题,归纳总结出的三种答题技巧。
一、细节理解题的命题方式
对细节理解题,命题人要求考生根据不同类型的任务要求来阅读文章,以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。细节理解题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要答题人对文本进行适当地归纳、概括和推理才能作答。纵观近三年新高考Ⅰ卷对细节理解考查的题量统计,2020 年共8 道,2021 年共6 道,2022 年共8 道,笔者深入剖析细节题的命题方式,不外乎有以下几种考查方式:
1. Which of the following statement is true?
2. Which of the following is mentioned in the text?
3. The author ( or the passage) states that…
4. According to the passage, when ( where, why,how, who, what, which, etc.)…?
5. According to the passage, we can learn that...
二、細节理解题的解题技巧
根据细节题的考查方式和提问特征,笔者发现细节理解题往往有以下三类:一是直接细节题,即答题人能够直接根据题干关键词快速定位涉及到相同关键词的内容,理解文意后即可确定答案;二是综合细节题,即答题人无法直接定位材料,而是需要对题干中给定的关键词进行转述理解才能定位文本内容,比如同义词转换、词性转换、句式转换、语言简化概括等;三是特殊细节信息处理题,即答题人需要对文本某片段进行解码、理解,接着实施简单细致地计算才能得出答案。
以2022 年高考英语新高考Ⅰ卷阅读理解真题为例,详细地阐释三类细节理解题的解题技巧。
(一)直接细节题
以2022 年高考英语新高考Ⅰ卷A篇第三题为例:
LateWork
An essay not submitted in class on the due datewill lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.If itis not turned in by the 4th day after the due date,it willearn a zero.Daily assignments not completed duringclass will get a zero.Short writings missed as a result ofan excused absence will be accepted.
3.What will happen if you submit an essay oneweek after the due date?
A.You will receive a zero.
B.You will lose a letter grade.
C.You will be given a test.
D.You will have to rewrite it.
这是一道直接细节题。那么首先速读题干,根据题干中的关键词“submit an essay one week after thedue date”快速找读原文,直接定位并标记原文内容,对照选项和材料确定答案。即根据文本Late Work 的这一段内容中“If it is not turned in by the 4th day afterthe due date,it will earn a zero.”(如果在到期日第四天还没提交论文,将会得零分)可知正确答案就是A选项。
(二)综合细节题
以2022 年高考英语新高考Ⅰ卷C篇第一题为例:The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peopleswell- being.It is also being used to help patientssuffering dementia,a serious illness of the mind.Staff incare homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicinewhere hens are in use.
1. What is the purpose of the project?
A.To ensure harmony in care homes.
B.To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C.To raise money for medical research.
D.To promote the elderly peoples welfare.
此题属于综合细节类题。利用同义词转换方式,确定正确选项。根据题干中的关键词“the purpose ofthe project”定位第二自然段具体信息“The projectwas dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduceloneliness and improve elderly peoples well- being.”(项目的目的在于缓解老年人的孤独感和提升他们的幸福感,促进老人的健康),注意原文需要转述和互换,这里的“improve well-being”和选项D 中的“promotewelfare”对应。所以正确的答案就是D选项。
以2022 年高考英语新高考Ⅰ卷D篇第二题为例:They discovered that the upper and lower frontteeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐),makingit hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed bytouching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jawschanged to an overbite structure(结构),making it easierto produce such sounds.
2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults toproduce labiodentals?
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
此题属于综合细节题。利用句式转换和同义词转换,确定正确选项。根据题干中的“difficult”“ancienthuman adults”“produce labiodentals”定位段落具体信息“They discovered that the upper and lower frontteeth of ancient human adults were aligned(對齐),makingit hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed bytouching the lower lip to the upper teeth.”(要发出唇齿音,上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇,而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的,这种颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音),在定位时需要注意原文的转述和互换,这里的“hard”和题干中的“difficult”对应,“aligned(对齐)”和选项中“not conveniently structured”对应。所以正确的答案就是C选项。
(三)特殊细节题
以2022 年高考英语新高考ⅠA篇第二题为例:
2.How many parts is a students final grade madeup of?
A.Two.
B.Three.
C.Four.
D.Five.
这是一道特殊细节题,迅速定位,理解细节,将题干内容和文本材料相联系,巧妙算出答案。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature”(文学导论课程评分规则)以及Grading Scale 中提到的“Essays (60% )”和“Group Assignments(30% )”和“Daily Work/In- Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework(10%)”中括号内的分数所占的百分比可知,这三项加起来正好是100%。因此学生的期末成绩由三项考核内容组成的。故选B 项。特殊细节题需要答题者关注特殊细节信息,比如数字细节和意义表达,根据题干问题进行计算时,尤其要注意特殊信息,即特殊数字,比如decade/fortnight, overnight, double,couple, dozen, score 等;特殊词汇,比如for free, free ofcharge, off, discount等。
总之,细节理解题作为英语阅读理解题最常考查的类型,教师需要引导学生结合题干信息中的关键词直接或间接地定位原文的段落或者重点句子,将定位内容和相关题干进行对比分析,以及对阅读材料进行分析才能得到正确答案。本文总结了阅读理解题中细节理解题的三种类型,帮助学生高效掌握相应的解题技巧,以便提高解题效率和正确率。