改良胰管支架用于内镜逆行胰胆管造影取净胆总管结石后胆道引流的安全性及有效性分析
2023-04-29李佳林任笠坤冉勋夏绍萱周昱彤黄鑫韩民
李佳林 任笠坤 冉勋 夏绍萱 周昱彤 黄鑫 韩民
摘要:目的探討改良7Fr胰管塑料支架用于胆道内引流的临床应用价值。方法收集2021年4月—2022年6月在贵州医科大学附属医院肝胆外科行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)取石后行胆道引流的121例胆总管结石患者的临床资料,根据术后胆道引流方式分为改良支架组(n=59)和鼻胆引流组(n=60),其中改良支架组采用改良7Fr胰管塑料支架引流,鼻胆引流组采用鼻胆管引流,回顾性分析两组患者临床资料,观察改良支架组中支架自行脱落情况,比较两组临床疗效、患者术后舒适度及术后并发症发生率。符合正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。结果两组结石清除率为100%。两组患者术后住院天数、总住院天数比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.997、2.317,P值均<0.05)。两组患者术后血清TBil、DBil、ALP、AST及GGT均较术前明显下降(P值均<0.05)。两组患者TBil、DBil、ALP、ALT、AST、GGT术前及术后比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。改良支架组与鼻胆引流组术后-术前生化指标差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。两组术后24 h内舒适度评分、术后首次进食、进饮时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.001、3.579、4.604,P值均<0.05)。两组并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。改良支架组支架自行脱落率为83.05%,未发生支架阻塞、移位、断裂、穿孔及感染并发症。结论ERCP取净胆总管结石后,应用改良7Fr胰管塑料支架行胆道内引流与鼻胆管引流效果相当,可缩短患者术后住院时长、提升患者术后舒适度,加速患者康复,且支架自行脱落率高,临床应用安全、有效。
关键词:胰胆管造影术, 内窥镜逆行; 引流术; 支架
Safety and efficacy of modified pancreatic duct stent in biliary drainage after complete bile duct stone removal by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
LI Jialin REN Likun RAN Xun XIA Shaoxuan ZHOU Yutong HUANG Xin HAN Min(1. College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; 2. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China)
Corresponding author:HAN Min, 409582096@qq.com (ORCID: 0000-0001-7218-5276)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical application value of modified 7Fr pancreatic duct plastic stent in biliary drainage. MethodsClinical data were collected from 121 patients with choledocholithiasis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) lithotomy and biliary drainage in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, from April 2021 to June 2022, and according to the method for postoperative biliary drainage, they were divided into modified stent group with 59 patients and nasobiliary drainage group with 60 patients. The patients in the modified stent group received drainage with the modified 7Fr pancreatic duct plastic stent, and those in the nasobiliary drainage group received nasobiliary drainage. A retrospective analysis was performed for their clinical data, and stent dislodgement was observed for the modified stent group. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical outcome, postoperative comfort, and postoperative complications. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. ResultsBoth groups achieved a stone clearance rate of 100%. There were significant differences between the two groups in the length of postoperative hospital stay and the total length of hospital stay (t=-3.997 and 2.317, both P<0.05). After treatment, both groups had significant reductions in total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), indirect bilirubin (IBil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (all P<0.05), and there were no significant differences between the two groups in the changes in TBil, DBil, IBil, ALP, alanine aminotransferase, and AST after treatment (all P>0.05). Also, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the changes in biochemical parameters after treatment (all P>0.05). There were significant differences between the two groups in comfort score within 24 hours after surgery and the time to first eating and drinking after surgery (t=2.001, 3.579, and 4.604, all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in complications between the two groups (all P>0.05). In the modified stent group, the rate of spontaneous stent dislodgement was 83.05%, and there were no complications such as stent occlusion, displacement, rupture, perforation, and infection. ConclusionAfter complete bile duct stone removal by ERCP, biliary drainage using the modified 7Fr pancreatic duct plastic stent has a similar effect to nasobiliary drainage and can shorten the length of postoperative hospital stay, improve postoperative comfort, and accelerate postoperative recovery, with a relatively high spontaneous dislodgement rate. Therefore, it is safe and effective in clinical practice.
Key words:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Drainage; Stents
内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)已成为治疗胆总管结石的主要方法,经ERCP取净结石后,为预防相关并发症,常规胆道引流方式有经内镜鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)及内镜下胆道支架引流术(endoscopic rerograde biliary drainage,ERBD)[1-3]。用于胆道引流的普通支架较少有自发脱落特性,指南[4]建议3 ~ 6个月后取出,但二次取出增加治疗过程费用及心理负担,甚至增加并发症发生风险。成婧等[5]研究报道,放置胰管塑料支架行胆道内引流,引流效果显著。He等[6]研究报道,应用改良胰管支架用于预防ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)发生,14天自行脱落率为84.21%。本院胆总管结石患者经ERCP取净结石后,应用去除侧翼锚定结构的改良7Fr胰管塑料支架行胆道内引流,疗效满意,现分析报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1研究对象回顾性分析2021年7月—2022年6月于贵州医科大学附属医院肝胆外科接受ERCP取石治疗的121例胆总管结石患者的临床资料。
1.2纳入标准(1)经腹部B超,上腹部CT、MRI或MRCP证实胆总管原发或继发结石;(2)接受ERCP且行胆总管取石术;(3)术后采用改良胰管塑料支架或鼻胆引流管引流;(4)年龄>18岁;(5)术后经腹部B超,上腹部CT、MRI或MRCP复查未见结石征象。
1.3排除标准(1)合并急、慢性胰腺炎或既往胰腺炎病史;(2)合并胆胰肿瘤;(3)上消化道狭窄;(4)既往上消化道重建病史;(5)对造影剂过敏;(6)合并严重心肺肾功能不全;(7)失访临床资料不全。
1.4方法
1.4.1操作器械日本Olympus公司TJF260V电子十二指肠镜,南京微创公司0.035英寸(0.889 mm)黄斑马导丝、和谐夹,美国BostonScientific公司乳头括约肌切开刀、鼻胆引流管,胰管塑料支架(7Fr、5 cm,COOK公司),球囊扩张器(BostonScientific公司),取石网篮(COOK公司)。
1.4.2操作步骤常规静脉麻醉,经口腔插入十二指肠镜,进镜巡至十二指肠降段寻到乳头,导丝引导下经乳头插管,注入20%碘佛醇造影剂,C臂透视,观察胆总管结石情况,术中根据结石位置、大小及胆管直径情况,行内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)、内镜下球囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD),采用球囊或网篮取石清理胆道后,再次造影证实无结石残留后循导丝胆管内置入改良胰管塑料支架(7Fr、5 cm,COOK公司),鼻胆引流组经导丝引导下鼻胆管插入胆总管,鼻胆管尖端置入左右肝管开口处,见胆汁流出并再次C臂透视证实支架或鼻胆引流管固定在位,检查乳头及视野所见无活动性出血,退镜结束手术。术后予抗感染、抑酸、抑酶及补液等支持治疗(图1、2)。
1.5观察指标与随访两组患者术后24 h内均完成视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS评分,1~10分)以评估患者术后舒适度[7],评分越低者术后舒适化程度越高。记录两组患者结石清除情况、术后恶心呕吐情况、首次进食进饮时间、并发症发生情况,同时监测术后24 h TBil、DBil、ALT、AST、ALP及GGT变化水平。采用腹部X线、超声或CT随访观察改良支架组患者术后1、2、4、8、12周支架脱落情况。若术后大于3个月支架仍未脱落者,经十二指肠镜取出。
1.6相关定义(1)PEP:修订版亚特兰大国际共识标准[8]PEP定义为下列3项中≥2项:胰腺炎引起的持续上腹部疼痛;术后24 h淀粉酶或脂肪酶较正常值上限升高3倍以上;CT影像学检查急性胰腺炎特征性表现,如胰腺肿大、坏死、胰周积液。重症PEP:以患者经腹部CT扫描[9]提示存在胰腺周围渗液以及胸腹腔积液,需进行经皮穿刺引流术或手术治疗;(2)高淀粉酶血症:术24 h血淀粉酶水平升高至3倍正常值上限,且未出现发热、腹痛等症状。(3)出血:术后出现黑便、呕血症状,或鼻胆引流管中可见新鲜血液流出,并出现血压下降,需进行二次内镜下止血;(4)胆管炎:术后72 h出现体温升高(>38 ℃),白细胞计数升高,伴有腹痛症状,并排除其他部位感染[10]。
1.7统计学方法采用 SPSS 26.0软件进行数据统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料采用x±s表示,两组间比较采用成組t检验;非正态分布的计量资料用M(P25~P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1一般资料121例患者中2例失访,最终119例患者纳入本研究,根据术后胆道引流方式分为改良支架组(n=59)和鼻胆引流组(n=60)。两组患者术后住院天数、总住院天数比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表1)。
2.2术前及术后24 h生化指标组内比较情况两组患者术后血清TBil、DBil、ALP、ALT、AST及GGT均较术前明显下降(P值均<0.05)(表2)。
2.3两组间术前及术后24 h生化指标组间比较两组患者TBil、DBil、ALP、ALT、AST、GGT术前及术后比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表2)。
2.4两组间术后-术前生化指标差值比较改良支架组与鼻胆引流组术后-术前生化指标差值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表3)。
2.5两组间术后情况比较两组术后24 h内舒适度评分(VAS评分)、术后首次进食、进饮时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表4)。
2.6两组患者术后并发症比较两组患者发生PEP、高淀粉酶血症、出血的情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表5)。两组均无胆管炎、穿孔、死亡和30 d再入院的患者。
2.7改良支架组患者支架脱落情况改良支架组59患者中50例完成复查,未发生阻塞、移位、断裂、穿孔及感染等支架相关并发症,其中某患者脱落前后复查腹部立位平片对比如图3所示。第1周脱落3例,第2周脱落14例,第4周脱落23例,第8周脱落6例,第12周脱落3例。1例患者术后第12周门诊复查,腹部立位平片提示支架未自行脱落,再次经内镜取出,无不良事件发生。9例患者未复查腹部X片、B超或CT,电话随访患者本人或家属无特殊不适。支架脱落率为83.05%(49/59)。
3讨论
ERCP取石后常规胆道引流方式有ENBD及ERBD,两种引流方式效果相当[11-13]。ENBD为外引流,会导致患者术后鼻咽部不适、胆汁及水电解质体外丢失,拔管时可引起恶心、呛咳刺激不适,降低患者术后舒适度,外接引流袋影响美观。对于不耐受者,有自行拔管、脱管等可能[14]。ERBD为内引流,无胆汁及水电解质流失,更符合人体生理学特点。普通胆道塑料支架较少有自发脱落特点,长期留置会因细菌被膜覆盖或胆泥形成引发胆道梗阻[15],甚至移位致肠穿孔[16]、胆管穿孔可能,且长期留置可引起胆管炎发生。因此,欧洲妇科内镜学会[17]建议3~6个月需再次取出。应用胰管支架能有效预防PEP发生[18-19],但胰管支架用于胆道内引流预防ERCP相关并发症的临床研究报道较少。成婧等[5]研究报道应用5Fr胰管支架用于ERCP取净胆总管结石后胆道引流,支架自行脱落率为86.00%,多数患者无需二次行ERCP将支架取出,降低了患者的手术风险、心理及经济负担。He等[6]多中心随机对照研究比较应用改良5Fr胰管支架与普通胰管支架用于PEP预防,改良胰管支架2周自行脱落率为84.21%,且未增加PEP或其他并发症发生风险。
目前没有指南明确规定ERCP取石后应放置何种引流方式。Lee等[7]研究认为经ERCP取石治疗后无需放置鼻胆引流管。但为预防相关并发症,多数术者选择留置鼻胆管引流。本研究中改良支架组结石清除率为100%,结石取净后应用改良7Fr胰管塑料支架行胆道内引流,术后胆红素明显下降,与鼻胆引流组比较,疗效同样显著,与Kawashima等[20]报道一致。改良支架组疗效同样显著的原因:(1)胆管结石完全清除,解除梗阻,胆道通畅性恢复;(2)改良胰管支架与鼻胆管直径大小一致,可有效引流,同时也避免支架过早脱落而导致引流失败的风险。
在并發症方面,改良支架组发生PEP 1例,经积极保守治疗后好转。两组患者均有高淀粉酶血症发生,其发生率与相关研究[21-22]报道一致。高淀粉酶血症与PEP的主要发生机制相似,与手术器械对乳头及胰管机械性损伤、外界细菌移位或逆行感染产生炎性损伤、注入造影剂对胰管及其内容物造成流体及化学性动力损伤、各种术源性刺激激活胰酶原、水解胰腺组织产生酶学损伤、术中热力性损伤有关[23]。也有研究[24]报道,与胆道支架及鼻胆管置入有关,而Cotton等[25]多因素分析认为,胆道支架及鼻胆管置入与高淀粉酶血症发生并无直接关系。本研究中两组患者行ERCP取石前联合行EST,部分联合行EPBD,可能系术中插管、乳头扩张持续性机械性刺激及热力损伤导致乳头水肿引起胰管内压力增高、胰腺实质损伤有关。两组高淀粉酶血症患者经积极保守治疗后痊愈出院,均未进一步发展为PEP。出血是ERCP术后最严重的并发症之一,有研究[26]报道其发生率为0.3%~2.0%,其主要原因为EST。对术后出血者,可再次内镜下止血或介入、手术方法止血。鼻胆引流组有3例发生出血,术中出血者均予喷洒肾上腺素及止血夹夹闭处理,术后出血者再次内镜检查后乳头周围未见活动性出血,积极保守治疗后痊愈。
Bajbouj等[27]指出长期留置支架会引起支架移位、堵塞、胆管炎及穿孔等并发症可能。研究[28-29]表明,因支架堵塞发生支架相关胆管炎发病率为3.5%~40%。Pisello等[30]研究指出长期胆道支架引流引起支架相关胆管炎病死率可达6.7%。改良支架组1例患者术后第12周支架未自行脱落,为避免长期留置支架相关并发症发生,再次经十二指肠镜取出。Sofuni等[31]多中心随机对照研究认为,应用可自行脱落胰管支架能有效预防PEP,相关并发症发生风险低。但Nishiwaki等[32]报道,为预防PEP而留置自行脱落胰管支架可引起腹膜后穿孔。在本研究中改良支架组未发生支架移位、堵塞、断裂、感染、穿孔等并发症,可能是因改良7Fr胰管支架肠腔端的单猪尾结构能有效防止支架近端移位、减少肠腔黏膜压迫,避免胆道及十二指肠穿孔发生。经人工改良去除胆管端侧翼结构能增加自发脱落可能[33]、降低人为干预率、足时有效引流同时避免长期留置支架引发胆管堵塞、损伤及胆管炎。对随访时间>3个月未自行脱落者,及时二次内镜取出可避免支架相关并发症发生。
本研究中改良支架组术后舒适度高于鼻胆引流组,可能是因为采用改良胰管支架行胆道内引流后,减少带管、拔管带来的鼻咽部刺激。《肝胆胰外科术后加速康复专家共识(2015版)》[34]认为减少应激是加速康复外科理念的核心原则,是加速患者术后康复的基础。改良支架组术后首次进饮、进食时间早于对照组,术后早期经口进食、进饮符合加速康复外科理念[35],可促进胃肠功能恢复、减轻肠道应激、减少液体负荷。加速患者康复不是单纯追求缩短住院时长,本研究中两组患者经评估达出院标准,改良支架组术后住院时间短于鼻胆管引流组。
改良支架组中胆道引流支架多数自行脱落,自行脱落率为83.05%,但有9例患者未复查,自行脱落率可能高于文献[5-6]报道水平。改良支架自行脱落分析可能与下列因素有关:(1)EST破坏乳头括约肌功能;(2)胰管支架侧翼锚定结构在置入胆道前经人工改良去除;(3)单猪尾结构置于十二指肠腔内增大与食物、流体运动摩擦面积;(4)改良胰管支架具有多发侧孔,胆汁随侧孔引出降低支架与胆管内壁的摩擦系数;(5)十二指肠自身蠕动因素;(6)多数患者合并胆总管扩张。
综上所述,胆管结石患者经ERCP取尽结石后,应用去除侧翼锚定结构改良的7Fr胰管塑料支架行胆道内引流与鼻胆管引流疗效相当,且能提升患者术后舒适度、加速患者术后康复,且自行脱落率高,临床应用具有安全性及有效性。需指出的是,此研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量较少,存在选择偏倚,仍有一定局限性,还需多中心、大样本前瞻性随机对照研究验证。
伦理学声明:本研究方案经由贵州医科大学附属医院伦理委员会审批,批号:2023伦审第344号。ERCP前均获得每位患者及家屬的书面知情同意。利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。作者贡献声明:李佳林负责课题设计,资料分析,撰写论文;任笠坤、冉勋、夏绍萱、周昱彤、黄鑫参与核查数据,修改论文;韩民负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2022-12-12;录用日期:2023-02-07
本文编辑:林姣
引证本文:LI JL, REN LK, RAN X, et al. Safety and efficacy of modified pancreatic duct stent in biliary drainage after complete bile duct stone removal by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(8): 1911-1918.