《发展中的海商法》书评

Muneeb Khan M. Jahanzeb Butt 张晏瑲

海洋资源的利用、海洋贸易和海洋渔业使海商法始终处于发展之中。人们认识到，由于全球商品的海上运输方式和海洋资源的开采方式历经变革，21 世纪已然改变了“海商法”的涵义。并且，用于管理海洋和规范航运的法律已融入现代实践，海商法有可能以一种全新的方式来被定义。由穆科技（Proshanto K.Mukherji）、马克西莫·梅希亚（Maximo Q. Mejia）和XU Jingjing 编著的《发展中的海商法》一书，1Maritime law in motion, Proshanto K. Mukherjee, Maximo Q. Mejia & XU Jingjing, eds.,Springer, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31749-2.以海商法的各个不同视角审视了现代海运业，并对其当代发展提供了更为细致入微的理解。全书共37 个章节，由来自22 个国家的45 位作者撰写，梳理了海商法的代际发展，并对海事、航运和面临诸多挑战的海洋治理等方面做了深入阐释。

由于海运业面临新的挑战，该书不仅从不同角度研究海商法，还采用了全新的结构。它提出了一种势在必行、刻不容缓的海商法研究新方法，尤其强调多学科方法——公法（国际海事法）和私法（海商法）结合的重要性。此外，该书主要从大陆法系和英美法系两个角度进行划分，对不同地区的跨国诉讼和海事纠纷治理进行了更为全面细致的分析。全书各章均采用多种纯法学研究方法，深入研究了国际海事组织的国际海事公约目前所面临的和即将面临的挑战。

值得一提的是，部分作者认为《国际海上人命安全公约》《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》和《1978 年海员培训、发证和值班标准国际公约》在应对自主航运发展和气候变化挑战方面并未加以跟进更新。此外，还有一些作者认为《联合国海洋法公约》需要现代化的解释，以便为沿海国制订新的责任、义务和权利，并对自主船舶进行属地监管和海洋污染控制。有作者建议，国际海事组织可考虑进行架构和职能改革，并采取可能的市场措施，以满足气候变化和自主航运的需求。由于气候变化和技术进步（如人工智能），国际海事组织正面临着当代环境下的治理挑战，范围界定工作、2020 船舶“限硫令”和温室气体排放法规是探索新技术、控制船舶大气污染源的大胆举措。国际海事组织当前的任务和结构使其足以应对这些挑战，然而技术和经济的不确定性也对国际海事组织的领导力具有消极影响。

根据国际海事组织监管规定以及公法和私法，该书还分析了海上安全的国际法律框架。在反海盗行动中，对非国家行为者（如合法的私营安保公司）的监管需要在国际法律框架下采取新的手段。国家主权的传统原则在这一监管中得到了重申，即合法的非国家行为者应在现有的国际法律框架下与国家行为者（海岸警卫队、海上安全机构和海军部队）进行合作。由于合法的非国家行为者的活动水平取决于国家的自由裁量权，它将描述海上安全的规则和条例。从这一角度出发，本书对《联合国海洋法公约》所表述的分区和功能方法进行了大量讨论。有人指出，迄今为止，自由海的概念在海洋公域中是非常不受约束的，但现在已在很大程度上，实际上是积极地让位于反映全球最新发展的限制性制度。

在未来几年中，由于沿海国的权力已经增加，《联合国海洋法公约》规定的海洋自由可能会受到更多限制。虽然沿海国拥有管理某些海洋用途和行使管辖权以对海洋污染负责的巨大权力，但其应在权利行使和责任履行之间保持平衡，以保持海洋对全球产品（如海洋科学研究）的开放。在这方面，船旗国在国际法律框架下处理此类全球公有的重要事务，应成为海商法不可或缺的组成部分。为此，我们得出结论，通过分析研究，了解和认识《联合国海洋法公约》和《国际海事组织公约》规定的船旗国、沿海国和港口国制度，是应对即将到来的和现有挑战的重要材料。

意见和观点的多样性是本书的主要特点。作者拥有不同的海事背景（包括海员、海事律师和学术界、海岸警卫队官员和国际海事组织专家），他们的法律专业知识使他们能够为海事法提供新的视角。由于该书侧重于（公/私）国际法和海事法的结合，对实际问题的讨论全面概述了海洋和航运法律法规体系。此外，探讨海商法面临的新挑战，还可以让律师、学术界和海商专业人士在实际情况中实践这些建议。本书对于有志于撰写海商法、海洋法，或两者兼而有之的博士生来说是一部重要的作品，因为它填补了航运、海事和海洋治理领域法律和监管方面的重大空白。

本书是对海商法发展和现状感兴趣的学生及专业人士的极佳参考书，但其结构相当复杂。并且，它还会使读者对气候变化和自主航运问题的认识感到困惑，因为它认为海商法的新发展应在国际海事组织的框架下进行。这一论点在海事领域引发了一场新的辩论，即如果国际海事组织有权对航运进行监管，那么其他管理海洋的联合国机构在多大程度上是必不可少的。有关其他联合国机构的作用及其与国际海事组织合作的问题可以成为海商法领域研究和写作的新尝试。

英译汉：黄宇欣

Maritime Law in Motion: Book Review

Muneeb Khan, M. Jahanzeb Butt, CHANG Yen-Chiang*

* Muneeb Khan, Dalian Maritime University, China; M. Jahanzeb Butt, Postdoctoral Research, School of Law, Shandong University, China; CHANG Yen-Chiang, Professor, Law School, Dalian Maritime University, China, Ph.D. in Law, E-mail: ycchang@dlmu.edu.cn.

©THE AUTHORS AND CHINA OCEANS LAW REVIEW

The utilisation of ocean resources and trade through sea and marine fisheries have kept maritime law always in motion. It is already acknowledged that the 21st century has changed the lexical of maritime law because the means of global merchandise carried by sea and the latest methods of extracting marine resources have been transformed. As it has been recognised that the laws regulating oceans and shipping have been integrated into modern practices, there is a potential for new means of defining maritime law. The bookMaritimeLawinMotion,1Maritime law in motion, Proshanto K. Mukherjee, Maximo Q. Mejia & XU Jingjing, eds.,Springer, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31749-2.edited by Proshanto K. Mukherji, Maximo Q. Mejia, and XU Jingjing, examines the modern maritime industry from every conceivable perspective of maritime law and delivers a much more nuanced understanding of its contemporary development.Collectively, the book has 37 Chapters (written by 45 authors from 22 States)connecting the inter-generational development of maritime law and has undertaken a prodigious effort to explain marine, shipping, and ocean governance faced with additional challenges.

Owing to new challenges in the maritime industry, this inaugural book adheres to a new structure while examining maritime law from various perspectives.It offers a massively imperative and instantly obligatory novel approach to maritime law, particularly in its emphasis on the significance of multidisciplinary approaches that combines public (international-maritime) and private (maritime)law. Furthermore, it is segmented principally from the perspective of civil and common law jurisdictions, which with a more comprehensive analysis about crossborder litigation and governance of maritime disputes in diverse regions. Several pure legal research methods have been adopted throughout all chapters, thoroughly examining the existing and upcoming challenges faced by the International Maritime Conventions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

In particular, it has been opinionated by several authors that theInternational ConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS), theInternationalConvention forthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL), and theInternational ConventionontheStandardofTraining,Certification,andWatch-Keeping(STCW)are not updated following autonomous shipping development and climate change challenges. Furthermore, it has been argued that theUnitedNationsConventionon LawoftheSea(UNCLOS) requires modern interpretation in order to create new responsibilities, liabilities, and rights of the coastal States for territorial regulation of autonomous ships and control of marine pollution. It has also been advised that the IMO may consider a structural and functional change to meet the demands of climate change and autonomous shipping with respect to a possible marketbased measure. As IMO is facing governance challenges in a contemporary setting as a result of climate change and technological advancements (such as artificial intelligence), scoping exercises, Sulphur 2020 and GHG Emissions Regulations are bold steps towards navigating new technologies and controlling ship sources of air pollution. IMO’s current mandate and structure enable it to address these challenges; however, technological and economic uncertainties impact IMO leadership.

Under the IMO regulations and public/private law, the international legal framework for maritime security has also been analysed. In the conduct of antipiracy operations, regulation of nonstate actors (such as legitimate private security companies) requires new means under the international legal framework. The traditional principles of State sovereignty have been reiterated for such a regulation,that legitimate nonstate actors shall cooperate and collaborate with state actors(Coast Guards, Maritime Security Agencies, and Naval forces) under the existing international legal framework. As the level of activities of legitimate nonstate actors depends on the State’s discretion, it will describe the rules and regulations for maritime security. From such a point of view, there has been significant discussion on zonal and functional approaches expressed through UNCLOS. It has been stated that the hitherto concept of the free sea was very much unconstrained in the realm of the maritime commons that has yielded largely and indeed positively to a restricted regime reflective of the latest global developments.

In the upcoming years, the freedom of the seas under the UNCLOS could be more confined because the powers of the coastal States have been increased.While the coastal State’s powers to regulate certain usages of the sea and to assume jurisdiction to exercise responsibility for marine pollution is immense, there shall be a balance between rights and responsibilities to keep the seas open for global goods (such as marine scientific research). In this respect, the flag States embracing such vital matters of global commons shall be indispensable facets of maritime law following the international legal framework. To this end, it is concluded that understanding and appreciation of the flag, coastal, and port State regimes under UNCLOS and IMO Conventions through an analytical examination are material pertinent to the upcoming and existing challenges.

Diversity of opinions and viewpoints is the primary feature of this book. The authors from various maritime backgrounds (including seafarers, maritime lawyers and academia, coast guard officers, and IMO experts) with a combination of legal expertise enabled them to provide fresh perspectives on maritime law. As the book focus on the combination of (public/private) international and maritime law, the discussion on practical aspects provides a comprehensive overview of the ocean and shipping legal and regulatory system. Moreover, exploring the new challenges for maritime law allows lawyers, academia, and maritime professionals to practice the suggestions in actual circumstances. This book is a significant piece for Ph.D.students interested in writing on maritime law or law of the sea, or a combination of both because it explains substantial gaps in the legal and regulatory landscape in shipping, marine, and ocean governance.

Although this book is an excellent reference for students and professionals interested in maritime law development and the current situation, the structure is quite complex. It also confuses the readers about climate change and autonomous shipping issues, as it argues that new developments in maritime law are to be provided under the IMO framework. This argument opens a new debate in the maritime arena that if IMO has a regulatory mandate for shipping, then how far other UN Agencies governing oceans are essential. This issue concerning the role of other UN agencies and their cooperation with IMO could be a new venture of research and writing in the field of maritime law.