观点对立型文章的读写指南

王蓉

观点对立型文章通常将正面论据与反面论据结合起来，并通过鲜明的对比，引导人们对某个话题进行辩证思考。观点对立型文章通常先阐明主题，然后阐述对立的两种观点，再表明自己的立场、态度及理由，从而形成“主题—一方的观点及理由—另一方的观点及理由—自己的看法”的文本结构。阅读观点对立型文章，能培养思维的逻辑性、批判性和创造性。

1. 巧用彩色笔细品文章。借助彩色笔对文章中的不同部分做标注。例如，用红色笔标注观点，用蓝色笔标注理由，用绿色笔标注结论，用黄色笔标注好词好句。写作时，根据彩色笔标注的情况进行仿写。

2. 利用“TCCA原则”搭建文本框架和读写支架。引出话题的Topic，提出正、反面观点的Claim、Counter?claim，作者的观点（Authors opinion），简称 “TCCA” 。“TCCA原则”是观点对立型文章常采用的一种写作视角，但有些文章并未完全包括TCCA的四种要素。在阅读观点对立型文章时，利用“TCCA原则”有助于我们快速地理解文章。在写观点对立型文章时，我们应恰当利用“TCCA原则”，同时考虑如何拓展段落，并运用正确的时态和人称。

Is online learning as good as face?to?face learning？

网络学习和面授学习一样好吗？

Nearly everyone has some experiences of learning in a face?to?face classroom environment. Because of that， were often more comfortable learning in environments that look like classrooms. However， online learning has become more and more popular in recent years. Is online learning as good as face?to?face learning？

Learning online has a lot of advantages. As the learners are attending the class in their own environment， they can control it better. They can adjust lighting， heat and noise levels to ones they are comfortable with. The more comfortable they are， the better they can learn. They also avoid the issue of potentially disruptive classmates.

The work done in class can be much more focused online， too. When group work is held through text or video chats， its easier to concentrate on the topic at hand. It has been suggested that online， a group will put much more effort into the task at hand. Feedback given online can be in?depth and consistent.

However， therere some things that online learning just cant offer. The learner has to be fairly dedicated， as while he is learning online it can be much easier to disengage from the task at hand. Its also harder to check if theyre paying attention to the instructor.

The same goes for group work. Face to face， every participant needs to contribute， as its much more obvious if they dont. Being physically in the same room together creates a much stronger bond between team members， too.

Ultimately， learning is a social activity. While the Internet has made communication easier， its not always as effective as face?to?face meetings. Learners can get to know each other better in a physical space， while online theres always a sense of being disconnec?

ted from their peers.

Looking at these points， its easy to see a case for both online and face?to?face learning. Both are effective in different ways. Online learning is fantastic for those who otherwise cant access education at all due to location or illness. Face?to?face learning is better for bonding， and allowing learners to learn from each other as well as their instructors.

Overall， online learning is as good as face?to?face learning， but it works best in certain situations. In the vast majority of cases， face?to?face learning is the way to go.

Ⅰ. 阅读自测

Detail 1. Which of the following statements is the advantage of online learning？

A. Learners can have a strong bond during group work.

B. Learners tend to be more engaged in the tasks at hand.

C. Learners can focus more on the topic during group work.

D. Learners can have a sense of connection between each other.

Vocabulary 2. What does the underlined word “disruptive” in paragraph 2 probably mean？

A. Hard?working.

B. Disturbing.

C. Well?behaved.

D. Bad?tempered.

Inference 3. Whats the authors opinion about face?to?face learning and online learning？

A. Face?to?face learning is the right way to go.

B. Online learning works better in the vast majority of cases.

C. Online learning is less effective than face?to?face learning.

D. Face?to?face learning and online learning both have their place.

Inference 4. What is the authors tone in this text？

A. Objective.    B. Skeptical.

C. Unclear.    D. Admiring.

Ⅱ.语言汲取

（一）观点类的核心表达

1. 利弊表达

Learning online has a lot of advantages. 网络学习有很多优势。

The more comfortable they are， the better they can learn. 他们越是舒适自在，他们就能学得越好。

When group work is held through text or video chats， its easier to concentrate on the topic at hand.当小组活动是通过文字或视频聊天（的方式）进行时，人们更能专注于手边的话题。

However， therere some things that online learning just cant offer. 然而，有些东西是网络学习无法提供的。

The same goes for group work. 这个情况也同样适用于小组工作。

Looking at these points， its easy to see a case for both online and face?to?face learning. 看了这些观点后，显而易见，网络学习和面授学习各有其理由。

2. 网络学习与面对面学习

online learning 网络学习

face?to?face learning 面授学习

attend the class in ones own environment 在自己的环境中上课

adjust lighting， heat and noise levels 调整光线、温度和噪声水平

text or video chats 文字或者视频聊天

concentrate on the topic at hand 专注于手边的话题

put much more effort into the task at hand 投入更多的精力在手头的任务上

feedback given online 网上给予的反馈

disengage from the task 从任务中脱离

pay attention to the instructor 关注老师

make communication easier 使沟通更便捷

create a much stronger bond between team members 在团队成员间建立更紧密的联系

get to know each other better in a physical space 在现实空间中更好地了解彼此

a sense of being disconnected from their peers 和同伴脱节的感觉

allow learners to learn from each other as well as their instructors 能让学习者之间互相学习以及向老师学习

3. 其他

in?depth 深入的

consistent 一致的

fairly dedicated 相当专注的

a social activity 一个社交活动

the way to go 可行的发展方向

（二）精彩表达

1. While the Internet has made communication easier， its not always as effective as face?to?face meetings. 虽然网络使沟通更便捷，但是它不总是和面对面会谈一样有效。

本句中，While引导一个让步状语从句，its not always as effective as face?to?face meetings为主句，句中not always构成了部分否定结构，意为“不总是”。常见的部分否定结构还有not all.../all...not（并非都）、not both.../both...not（并非两个都）和not every...（不是每个都）。

2. Learners can get to know each other better in a physical space， while online theres always a sense of being disconnected from their peers. 学习者可以在现实空间更好地了解彼此，而线上空间总是有一种和同伴脱节的感觉。

本句中，while连接了一个并列句，表示前后句的对比，意为“而；可是”。通过对比体现了网络学习和面对面学习的差异。常见的表示对比的单词和词组还有：instead、however、whereas、on the other hand、on the contrary、as opposed to等。

3. Online learning is fantastic for those who otherwise cant access education at all due to location or illness. 网络学习极其有利于那些因地理位置或疾病无法接受教育的人。

本句中，otherwise意为“以其他方式；用别的方法”，相当于if there is no online learning，引出因为地理位置或疾病而丧失面对面教育机会的一类人的情况。

Ⅲ. 语料拓展

The COVID?19 pandemic has triggered new ways of learning. 新冠肺炎的广泛传播引发了新的学习方式。

the rise of E?learning  网络化学习的兴起

on digital platforms 在数字平台上

reliable Internet access 可靠的网络连接

arrange a learning schedule that meets ones individual needs 安排适应某人需求的学习计划表

an efficient way to deliver lessons to students by using a number of tools such as videos， PDFs， Podcasts 通過诸如视频、PDF、播客等工具有效地向学生授课

access the learning material at a time of their comfort 在舒适的时候获取学习材料

the flexibility of time and place 时间和地点的灵活性

take classes from anywhere at any time 在任何时间、任何地点上课

have the option to learn at their own pace and ability 可以选择以自己的节奏和能力学习

struggle to participate in digital learning 努力参与数字化学习

the struggle with focusing on the screen for long periods of time 很难长时间专注于屏幕

a greater chance for students to be easily distracted by social media or other sites 学生更有可能被社交媒体或其他网站分心

result in a sense of isolation for students 导致学生的孤立感

increase in screen time 屏幕时间的增加

develop bad posture and other physical problems due to staying hunched in front of a screen 由于维持弓背的姿势坐在屏幕前而形成不恰当的坐姿和其他身体问题

provide digital equipment to students in need 为需要的学生提供数字设备

use a range of collaboration tools and engagement methods 使用各种各样的合作工具和参与方式

We had a heated discussion about/on... 我们就……进行了激烈的讨论。

Different people hold different ideas/opinions.  不同的人持有不同的观点。

People take different attitudes towards... 人们对……有不同的态度。

hold the opinion/think that... 认为……

argue/claim/maintain/think/believe that... 认为……

hold the view/opinion that... 认为……

hold a different view that... 持不同的观点

hold an opposite opinion 持相反的观点

to begin with/in the first place/initially/first and foremost 首先

in the second place/besides/in addition/moreover 其次

last but not least/finally/lastly 最后

on the contrary 正相反；恰恰相反

on one hand... on the other hand...一方面……另一方面……

in my opinion/as far as I am concerned/as for me/from my personal point of view... 我认为……

Through the discussion， we all think that... 通過讨论，我们一致认为……

We finally reached an agreement on this problem. 我们最终在这一问题上达成了一致。

Ⅳ. 句式仿写

1. 尽管你每天来上课，但是这不完全意味着你专心于课堂。

， it does not always mean you are committed to the class.

2. 这就是唯一的那点小缺陷，否则将是圆满的成功。

This is the one downside.                                     success.

3. 面对面学习通常会有统一的进度，而网络学习可以让你根据自己的节奏和能力学习。

Face?to?face learning often goes according to the fixed schedule，                                 .

Ⅴ. 写作实践

由于疫情，学校利用网络学习实现了“停课不停学”。在此期间，学生们对网络学习有了更深切的体会；返校后，学校给学生们布置了主题为“Online learning”的征文活动。请你根据以下要点，写一篇征文。

1. 网络学习的兴起；

2. 网络学习的利弊；

3. 你的观点。

注意：

1. 词数80左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

3. 至少需要使用两个本文中解析过的句式；

4. 注意段落内的逻辑关系。

Online learning

?评价导思