电针不同腧穴对功能性腹泻大鼠多组织5-HT3R、5-HT4R的影响
2022-11-21王晓燕张亚楠韩晶李洋王萌萌王琳
王晓燕 张亚楠 韩晶 李洋 王萌萌 王琳
(山东中医药大学 1针灸推拿学院,山东 济南 250355;2中医学院;3附属医院针灸科;4教务处)
Effects of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on 5-HT3R and 5-HT4R in functional diarrhea model rats
WANG Xiao-Yan, ZHANG Ya-Nan, HAN Jing,etal.
College of Acu-moxibustion and Massage of TCM of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo observe the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5-HT3R) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor(5-HT4R) mRNA in hypothalamus, spinal cord, stomach and intestine of model rats with functional diarrhea (FDr), to explore the mechanism of electroacupuncture in treating FDr, and to analyze the correlation of acupoints.Methods48 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, Zusanli group, Yinlingquan group, Yingu group, non-meridian and non-acupoint group, with 8 rats in each group. FDr models were prepared by comprehensive method such as binding, cold stimulation and dietary disorders for 14 consecutive days. After successful replication of the model, Zusanli group, Yinling quan group and Yingu group,non-meridian and non-acupoint group were given electroacpuncture intervention, 20 minutes each time, once a day, for 7 days. The gastric residual rate and intestinal propulsion rate were measured in rats, and the expression of 5-HT3R and 5-HT4R mRNA in hypothalamus, spinal cord, stomach and intestine were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.ResultsCompared with normal group, the gastrivc residual rate and intestinal propulsion rate were significantly increased after modeling(P<0.05). In model group, the expression of 5-HT3R mRNA in hypothalamus, spinal cord,stomach and intestine were significantly increased, while the expression of 5-HT4R mRNA were significantly decreased(P<0.05).After electroacpuncture, the residual rate in Zusanli group and Yinlingquan group were significantly lower than those in model group(P<0.05). Compared with model group, the expression of 5-HT3R mRNA in hypothalamus, spinal cord,stomach and intestine were significantly decreased, while the expression of 5-HT4R mRNA in hypothalamus, spinal cord,stomach and intestine were significantly increased in Zusanli group and Yilingquan group(P<0.05). Compared with model group, the intestinal propulsion rate and 5-HT4R mRNA expression in the colon were significantly increased in Zusanli group(P<0.05). Compared with Yingu group, non-meridian and non-acupoint group, the gastric residual rate and intestinal propulsion rate of Zusanli group were significantly reduced(P<0.05). In Zusanli group, the expression of 5-HT3R mRNA in hypothalamus, spinal cord, stomach and intestine were significantly decreased, while the expression of 5-HT4R mRNA were significantly increased(P<0.05).ConclusionsElectroacpuncture at Zusanli point and Yinlingquan point has an overall regulation effect on FDr by influencing 5-HT3R and 5-HT4R mRNA expression, suggesting that there is a specific relationship between meridian points and viscera.
【Keywords】 Functional diarrhea (FDr); Zusanli point; Yinlingquan point; 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor(5-HT3R); 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor(5-HT4R)
功能性腹泻(FDr)临床表现以腹泻为主,且不伴有明显的腹部疼痛或胀满不适,25%以上的排便为松散样或水样,系统检查未见器质性病变〔1〕。有研究表明FDr的发病机制与脑-肠轴功能障碍有关〔2〕,脑-肠轴调控路径的改变是该病发病的关键,而5-羟色胺(HT)及其受体是脑-肠轴调控路径中的重要组成部分〔3,4〕。前期研究结果显示〔5,6〕,电针足三里穴可以影响胃肠功能紊乱大鼠胃、肠、脑组织5-HT含量及表达,以改善腹泻等症状。本实验拟通过观察FDr模型大鼠的下丘脑、脊髓、胃窦、结肠中5-羟色胺3受体(HT3R)、5-羟色胺4受体(HT4R)mRNA表达,分析电针治疗FDr的作用机制,并探讨经穴脏腑相关性。
1 材料与方法
1.1动物与分组 健康雄性SD大鼠,12周龄,48只,体重(180±10)g,由山东济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司提供〔许可证号为:SCXK(鲁)2014 0007〕。大鼠饲养于山东中医药大学动物实验中心(清洁级),自由进食与饮水。室内空气流通和自然昼夜光线,温度约24℃,相对湿度约60%。本次实验过程中对大鼠的各种处理均遵循中华人民共和国科技部于2006年颁布的有关动物的使用及伦理学规定。将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、足三里组、阴陵泉组、阴谷组、非经非穴组各8只。
1.2主要仪器和试剂 5-HT3R抗体、5-HT4R抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司),PCR引物(武汉谷歌生物科技有限公司),反转录试剂盒(TaKaRa,日本),DNA聚合酶、RNA提取试剂盒TRIzol Reagent(Invitrogen,美国)。
HANS-200型电针治疗仪(南京济生医疗科技有限公司),XSP-C204型显微镜(CIC,美国),医学图像处理系统(IPP,美国),KZ-Ⅱ型匀浆仪(武汉康涛科技有限公司),D3024R型台式高速冷冻型离心机(DragonLab,中国),Stepone plus型荧光定量PCR仪(Applied biosystems,美国),华佗牌针灸针(苏州医疗用品厂有限公司)。
1.3模型制备 采用束缚、冷刺激、饮食失节等综合方法制备FDr模型。每天上午9点开始,将大鼠置于特制的木质小板凳,以粗制棉绳束缚其前肢和前臂,使冷冻后的棒棒冰置于其腹部,持续1 h并密切观察大鼠的生命状态;隔日喂食,连续14 d。当大鼠出现神态倦怠、扎堆或蛰伏在角落,纳呆、消瘦、少动、四肢无力、毛发枯涩、大便稀软等症状,可判断模型制作成功〔7〕。正常组不予任何刺激,正常喂养。
1.4干预方法 足三里组、阴陵泉组、阴谷组,非经非穴组于FDr模型复制成功后给予电针干预。参照文献〔8〕,取双侧足三里穴、阴陵泉穴、阴谷穴;非经非穴选取足三里穴外侧旁开1 cm〔9〕。操作:将大鼠固定,用0.30 mm×25 mm毫针分别直刺上述穴位,双侧连接韩氏疼痛治疗仪,连续波,频率2 Hz,强度0.5 mA,以大鼠肢体微微颤动为度,留针20 min;同时将正常组、模型组的大鼠固定20 min,固定方式同其他四组,不予针刺。上述操作1次/d,共7 d。
1.5观察指标与检测方法 胃内残留率和小肠推进率的测定:干预7 d后,各组大鼠禁食不禁水24 h,将由羧甲基纤维素钠、活性炭末、奶粉等配制好的黑色半固体糊〔10〕以1 ml/100 g的剂量进行灌胃。30 min后腹腔注射4%水合氯醛麻醉。打开腹腔,分离肠胃。结扎胃贲门和幽门,取胃,用滤纸吸干后称全重(M1),然后沿胃大弯剪开胃体,洗去胃内容物后吸干称重(M2)。胃内残留率(%)=〔(M1-M2)/黑色半固体糊的重量〕×100%。同时迅速取出小肠,用直尺测量幽门至回盲肠部全长(L1)及幽门至黑色半固体糊前沿的距离(L2)。小肠推进率(%)= L2/L1×100%。
实时荧光定量(RT)-PCR技术检测FDr大鼠模型的下丘脑、脊髓、胃窦、结肠中5-HT3R、5-HT4R mRNA表达:取冻存于-80℃冰箱中的大鼠下丘脑、脊髓、胃窦和结肠组织,分别研磨离心,采用Trizol法提取总RNA,取2.5 μl RNA样本,逆转录制备cDNA;RT-PCR仪进行基因表达量的检测,以GAPDH为内参,用2-ΔΔCt法对数据进行相对定量分析。逆转率条件:37℃ 15 min,85℃ 5 s。扩增条件:95℃ 5 s,60℃ 34 s,共40个循环。引物序列:5-HT3R:上游:5′-GTGACCGCCTGTAGCCTTGA-3′,下游:5′-TCGCCACAGGGAAATGTTGAT-3′,扩增长度114 bp;5-HT4R:上游:5′-CCATAATGCAAGGCTGGAACA-3′,下游:5′-AGGAGAAACGGGATGTAGAAGG-3′,扩增长度154 bp;GAPDH:上游:5′-TTCCTACCCCCAATGTATCCG-3′,下游:5′-CATGAGGTCCACCACCCTGTT-3′,扩增长度281 bp。
1.6统计学处理 采用SPSS20.0软件进行方差分析,两两比较采用LSD法。
2 结 果
2.1电针对FDr大鼠胃内残留率、小肠推进率的影响 模型组胃内残留率、小肠推进率较正常组明显升高(P<0.05),电针足三里穴后,胃内残留率及小肠推进率均有降低,足三里组与模型组、阴谷组、非经非穴组比较有显著差异(P<0.05);阴陵泉组胃内残留率较模型组、阴谷组、非经非穴组显著降低(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1 电针对FDr大鼠胃内残留率、小肠推进率的影响
2.2电针对FDr大鼠各组织中5-HT3R mRNA表达的影响 模型组胃、肠及下丘脑、脊髓中5-HT3R mRNA表达均明显高于正常组(P<0.05);与模型组、阴谷组、非经非穴组,足三里组胃、肠及下丘脑、脊髓中5-HT3R mRNA的表达明显降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,阴陵泉组胃、肠及下丘脑、脊髓(T5-10)中5-HT3R mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.05)。实验表明电针刺激足三里穴、阴陵泉穴可以明显降低FDr大鼠各组织中5-HT3R mRNA的表达(P<0.05),而足三里组的下丘脑中5-HT3R mRNA的表达显著低于阴陵泉组,所以足三里穴的影响大于阴陵泉穴。见表2。
2.3电针对FDr大鼠下丘脑及各组织中5-HT4R mRNA表达的影响 模型组胃、肠及下丘脑、脊髓中5-HT4R mRNA表达均明显低于正常组(P<0.05);与模型组比较,足三里组、阴陵泉组的胃、肠及下丘脑、脊髓中5-HT4R mRNA表达均明显升高(P<0.05);与阴谷组、非经非穴组相比较,足三里组、阴陵泉组胃、肠及下丘脑、脊髓中5-HT4R mRNA表达均明显升高(P<0.05),实验表明电针刺激足三里穴、阴陵泉穴可以明显升高FDr大鼠各组织5-HT4R mRNA的表达,足三里穴优于阴陵泉穴。见表2。
3 讨 论
FDr是以腹泻为主要症状的一种胃肠功能疾病,属中医学“泄泻”的范畴。《景岳全书》中提及“泄泻之本,无不由于脾胃”。脾胃为气机升降的枢纽,脾主升清、胃主降浊,升降失常则生本病。正如“清气在下,则生飧泄”(《素问·阴阳应象大论》)。足三里穴、阴陵泉穴分别为足阳明胃经、足太阴脾经的合穴,主“逆气而泄”,足三里又是胃的下合穴,《灵枢·五邪》篇中有“邪在脾胃,皆调于三里”,《灵枢·四时气第十九》也有:“飧泄,补三阴之上,补阴陵泉,皆久留之,热行乃止”。苏志维等〔9〕统计分析后认为,足三里穴和阴陵泉穴都是国内现代针刺治疗FDr的常用穴,足三里穴的使用频次明显高于阴陵泉穴。本研究表明电针足三里穴和阴陵泉穴均可明显降低胃内残余率,电针足三里穴还显著降低了小肠推进率,这均是反应胃肠动力的重要参数〔10,11〕,因此足三里和阴陵泉穴都可以改善胃肠动力,减轻腹泻,而但二穴对其症状改善的程度不同,“足三里”穴的治疗效果优于“阴陵泉”穴。其作用机制可能是由于足三里穴既是足阳明胃经的合穴,又是胃之下合穴;《灵枢·邪气脏府病形》也明确指出“合治内腑”,所以足三里穴的疗效优于阴陵泉穴。
胃肠功能的神经调节主要依赖中枢神经系统、自主神经系统和肠道神经系统,5-HT是重要的神经递质,不仅分布在中枢神经系统,而且还在外周神经系统参与调节胃肠动力与胃肠感觉,其受体广泛布于胃肠道平滑肌、肠神经系统和中枢神经系统〔12〕,5-HT及其受体主要通过参与胃肠蠕动和分泌的调节,影响胃肠动力和内脏敏感性〔13〕。其亚型受体中,5-HT3R、5-HT4R与胃肠运动及感觉关系较为密切,在胃肠功能方面的研究也较为广泛〔14〕。Terry〔15〕,Gary〔16〕研究显示5-HT3R可激活内源性和外源性传入神经,也可刺激少量兴奋性突触后电位,引起疼痛;5-HT4R能刺激突触前的神经末梢释放乙酰胆碱来增强胃肠道蠕动,促进胃肠动力。本实验结果表明5-HT3R mRNA的表达下降与5-HT4R mRNA的表达升高有助于调节胃肠动力,促进胃肠正常运动。前期研究〔6〕已证实电针足三里穴可以从整体上显著降低不同水平部位各组织中5-HT含量,本研究进一步证明电针足三里穴能从整体上明显降低不同水平部位各组织中5-HT3R mRNA表达,显著升高相应各组织中5-HT4R mRNA表达。也就是说,针刺足三里穴不仅可以影响分布于胃肠部位的周围神经系统的5-HT3R、5-HT4R mRNA表达,还可以影响脑、脊髓等部位的表达,以改善胃肠功能以治疗FDr,符合中医的“整体观念”理论,这也协助进一步阐释了电针足三里穴对FDr的作用机制。