完形填空备考策略
2022-03-31蒋建平
蒋建平
一、命题解读
高考英语全国卷完形填空要求考生能够领悟一篇有空缺的文章的语篇大意,考生根据已学知识,整体理解,通篇考虑,推导“未知”内容,因此,该题具有主观性测试和客观性测试的双重优点。考生必须在一定的时间内读懂文章,把握作者意图,推断文章内涵,然后根据上下文语境,从整体上把握文章的内在逻辑关系,并结合所学的语言知识和各种常识选出符合语境和文意的词汇。
二、解题策略
1. 利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题
在完形填空题中,对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯搭配及固定结构和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。习惯搭配是英语中某种固定的结构形态,即所谓的“习语”,不能随意改动。所以,考生平时应掌握好习惯搭配。近年来,高考对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势。要做好这类题,考生需要有较大的词汇量、较强的词汇搭配能力和词汇辨析能力,特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用词汇的能力。
【典例链接】(2021·全国乙卷)As she was 51 (leaving) she was eager to say
52 to each of us in the nursing team.
52. A. sorry B. hello C. goodbye D. yes
【点石成金】C 本题可以利用习惯搭配解题。根据As she was leaving可知,当她要离开时,她急切地想和我们护理队的每一个人说再见。say goodbye to sb是习惯搭配,意为“和某人告别”,符合语境,故选C。
2. 利用首句信息,推测语篇主旨
完形填空一般无标题,首句一般不设空。首句往往是全文的关键句,或者称为主题句,通常起着开启、概括或贯穿全文的作用。首句可以帮助我们判断文章的体裁,捕捉文章的要素,预测文章的发展。若首句交代了when、where、who和what,即四个W,那么这篇文章就是记叙文,很可能就是一个故事。为了测试考生对语篇的理解能力,命题者特别注重选材的趣味性,其结尾往往出人意料,耐人寻味;若首句提出或解释说明某事物,一般来说这篇文章就是说明文;若首句提出一个论点,那么这篇文章往往就是议论文。
【典例链接】For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with £400 in cash would be a source (来源) of temptation(诱惑). But the 16 would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money.
16. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort
【点石成金】C 语境:对于很多人来说,发现一个装有400英镑且无人看管的钱包是很有诱惑力的;对于一个饥饿、贫困的流浪汉来说,这诱惑力无疑会更强烈。故选C。
3. 寻找提示信息,重视语境意义
完形填空主要考查考生对语境的理解,所以考生在做题时要有全局观念,要有连贯性思维,要把每个设空处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解,进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。空白处前后通常会有提示,这种提示多为后面提示前面。
【典例链接】(2021·全国甲卷)The seagulls immediately went 32 . They rushed to the window, 30 or 40 birds all trying to 33 at the same time, and pepperoni—everywhere. The curtains were falling down; the lamps were falling down. It was a real 34 .
32. A. hungry B. dead C. missing D. wild
33. A. wake up B. get out C. take off D. break in
34. A. mess B. puzzle C. fight D. challenge
【點石成金】32. D 33. B 34. A 这三道题可以利用语境分析法解题。根据第32空后的“They rushed to the window, 30 or 40 birds all trying to 33 at the same time, and pepperoni—everywhere.”可知,它们冲向窗户,30或40只鸟都试图同时飞出去,把意大利辣肉肠弄得到处都是,故第32题选D。(看到有人进来,)海鸥立刻变得疯狂起来。这些海鸥冲向窗户,要飞出酒店,故第33题选B。再根据“The curtains were falling down; the lamps were falling down.”可知,意大利辣肉肠被弄得到处都是,窗帘和灯都掉下来了,酒店内一片混乱,故第34题选A。gzslib2022040112114. 識别语篇标志,理清逻辑关系
语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位,如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词汇,这些词汇被称为“语篇标志”。例如:表示结构层次的语篇标志有firstly、secondly、thirdly、finally等;表示因果关系的语篇标志有thus、therefore、so等;表示改变话题的语篇标志有by the way等;表示递进关系的语篇标志有besides、what's more、furthermore等;表示时间关系的语篇标志有before、so far、meanwhile、later等;表示转折或让步关系的语篇标志有but、while、although等。在做完形填空时,考生如果能充分利用这些语篇标志,就可以迅速理清文章的脉络,弄清上下文的关系。
【典例链接】(2020·全国甲卷)“Nicolo,” whose real name cannot be 41 to the public because of Italy's privacy laws, 42 (finished) working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41. A. attached B. allocated C. exposed D. submitted
【点石成金】C 本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。because of表示因果关系,设空处的语境为“因为意大利的隐私法,所以Nicolo的真实名字不能暴露给公众”,故选C。
5. 通过复现词和同现词解题
(1)复现原则
这类题多为同义词、近义词和反义词的复现或同义词、近义词和反义词的异形的复现。这类试题主要考查考生的整体篇章意识和对上下文的推断能力。
【典例链接】Lamb and mother 39 (reunited), I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me. This was so 40 (unexpected) because I had put the handbrake on when I jumped out. 41 (Obviously) Don had somehow made the 42 move.
42. A. lamb B. vehicle C. seat D. fence
【点石成金】B 本题可以利用上义词复现解题。根据上文中的the tractor可知,此处指Don以某种方式使车辆(vehicle)动了起来。vehicle是tractor的上义词,故选B。
【典例链接】(2019·全国甲卷)A local farmer told them the dog sounded like one
50 as lost in the local paper. The ad had a 51 (phone) number for a town in south-ern Michigan. Ehlers 52 (called) the number of Jeff and Lisa to tell them he had 53 .(found) their dog.
50. A. predicted B. advertised C. believed D. recorded
【点石成金】B 本题可以利用同根词复现解题。结合设空后一句中的The ad以及后面的in the local paper可知,一位当地的农场主告诉他们,这只狗好像是在当地报纸上刊登广告(advertised)寻找的那只丢失的狗。设空处与下文中的ad(=advertisement)是同根词复现,故选B。
(2)同现原则
同现,即相关联信息在文章中的呼应。同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时或连续出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇,一个话题,要求有与之相关的词汇。
名词同现:与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词,如: school—primary school—middle school—college—university;students—pupils—graduates—post-graduates。
动词同现:与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的一个动词,如:school—teach—learn—attend—found—drop out—graduate—be dismissed。
形容词同现:就某一语境而言,出现的形容词也是有规律的。就消极情绪而言,可以有:worried—concerned—anxious。
结构同现:指一些短语成对或依次出现在文章中,如:some..., others...;on the one hand..., on the other hand...;former..., latter...;so...that...;not only...but also...;hardly/scarcely...when...;no sooner...than...;be about to do/be doing/had done/be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way...when...。gzslib2022040112116. 利用作者的态度或感情色彩关联解题
在做高考完形填空题时,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中,仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的答题线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
【典例链接】(2020·全国乙卷)Since our twins began learning to walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass door is just a window. The 41 (reason) is obvious. If we 42 it is a door, they'll want to go outside 43 . It will drive us crazy.
42. A. admit B. believe C. mean D. realize
43. A. gradually B. constantly C. temporarily D. casually
【点石成金】42. A 43. B 本题可以利用作者的感情色彩关联解题。根据本段首句可知,作者和妻子撒谎说门是一扇窗户;再根据下文中的crazy一词可知,上文的行为会使作者和妻子发疯。根据作者的这种情感态度可知,此处表示“如果我们承认(admit)它是一扇门,他们就会不断地(constantly)想出去”,故第42题选A,第43题选B。
7. 利用首尾呼应关系解题
记叙文类的完形填空在很多情况下不仅仅是在讲一个故事,而是要通过故事来升华主题,而升华的内容往往在文章结尾处,并与首段内容形成首尾呼应关系。因此,我们在做最后几道题时,要学会“回头看”(重点看首段)。不要过早地放松而忽略了首尾呼应关系,导致在最后一两道题上留下遗憾。
【典例链接】Hannah Taylor is a schoolgirl from Manitoba, Canada. One day, when she was five years old, she was walking with her mother in downtown Winnipeg. They saw a man 36 (eating) out of a garbage can. She asked her mother why he did that, and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry. Hannah was very 37 (upset). She couldn't understand why some people had to live their lives without shelter or enough food. Hannah started to think about how she could 38 (help), but, of course, there is not a lot one five-year-old can do to solve (解決) the problem of homelessness.
...
Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a 55 in the world. You can, too!
55. A. choice B. profit C. judgement D. difference
【点石成金】D 本题可以利用首尾呼应关系解题。文章首段讲到汉娜在五岁时看到无家可归的人在垃圾箱里捡东西吃,她对此很难过。通过首段尾句“Hannah started to think about how she could 38 (help), but, of course, there is not a lot one five-year-old can do to solve the problem of homelessness.”可知,汉娜很想帮助这些人。而末段的“Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a 55 in the world. You can, too!”这句话与首段呼应。根据文章可知,汉娜是众多年轻人中的一个例子,她通过努力对这个世界有所影响。make a difference为固定短语,意思是“有影响”。故选D。
8. 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
完形填空通常是独立语篇,它以自身的语篇内容提供完整的语篇信息,渗透着各类相关的常识与知识。考生巧妙地运用已经掌握的丰富的文化知识和生活常识,特别是注意中西方文化方面存在的巨大差异,这将会节省时间,帮助考生顺理成章地选出正确答案。
【典例链接】(2020·全国甲卷)As he often did, he stopped by the “after work auction (拍卖)” 43 (run) by the Italian police where things 44 on the trains were sold to the highest bidder. There, among many other things, Nicolo spotted two paintings he thought would look 45 (nice) above his dining room table. Nicolo and another bidder
46 until Nicolo finally won the paintings for $32.
44. A. shown B. found C. kept D. hidden
46. A. battled B. debated C. discussed D. bargained
【点石成金】44. B 46. A 本题可以根据生活常识解题。这场拍卖会是由意大利警察举办的,根据生活常识可知,所拍卖的这些物品应该是警察在火车上发现(found)的,故第44题选B。在拍卖会上,当然是看哪个竞买者出价高,就卖给哪位竞买者。因此,Nicolo与另外一个竞买者竞价、竞争(battle)。battle在此用作动词,意为“与……竞争”,故第46题选A。
三、备考建议