英文摘要

RegularEducationofForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNation

ZhaoXinyu,KangKunquan

(Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041，Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 01-12, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.001

Abstract:This study holds that forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation is related to the realization of the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Moreover, related research demonstrates the true establishment of a sense of community for the Chinese nation needs the provision of knowledge and therefore importance must be attached to the role of education in the process of building this consciousness. In fact, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed the importance of “building a regular mechanism for publicity and education of forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation” and put forward the requirements for establishing this regular mechanism. To carry out such a regular instruction of forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation, the following guidelines should be considered:

First of all, it is necessary to clarify leadership responsibilities, form work patterns and establish relevant systems and mechanisms, so that there are people who assume these responsibilities. In a regular and systematic educational setting of forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation, Party committees at all levels should first conscientiously fulfill their main responsibilities, and run the leadership of the Party throughout the process of education. Secondly, it is necessary to make plans, arrangements, classification guidance, inspections, and supervision to ensure a sufficient measure of progress of the work. Specifically, the teaching of forging the consciousness of the Chinese national community should be incorporated into the tuition of cadres and party members, the national education system, and the social publicity system. Finally, the compilation and publication of the textbooks and auxiliary reading materials needed for this instruction should be implemented as soon as possible to ensure its normal progress. China has a time-honored tradition of historiography. It is possible to dig up materials and vivid examples from the abundant historical records to compile supplementary reading materials that reflect the history of the integration of various ethnic groups into a diverse and unified Chinese nation, the joint efforts of all ethnic members to open up China’s vast territory, write China’s long history, and China’s rich culture.

During the process of carrying out this education on a regular basis, it is deemed necessary to keep in mind, for example, the significance of building a strong sense of community of the Chinese nation, the practical innovation and theoretical innovation achievements of the Party in the ethnic theory and policy, and the concepts of the big family of the Chinese nation, the Chinese national community, and forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation. While focusing on these key publicity contents, problems that affect the in-depth and constant instruction of forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation need to be decisively resolved. Only after these problems basically have been solved, can the systematic instruction of forging the Chinese national community consciousness be promoted. It is also viewed as a strategic project and a long-term task to carry out regular education on forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation. As long as this is seen through and pushed forward in a strong and orderly way, we can ensure that the regular instruction of forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation be ensured and carried out.

KeyWords:a sense of community for the Chinese nation; forging; regular education

ThreeDimensionsoftheConstructionoftheChineseNationalCommunity

ChenJing’an1,2,LiDonghai1

(1.School of Marxism, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756，Sichuan; 2.Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences,Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 13-22, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.002

Abstract:Forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation and building an ontology of the Chinese national community are the core of basic research on the Chinese national community, which can be explored from international, theoretical, and practical aspects. In addition, the dialectical relationship between these two reveals that realistic requirements of ethnic work also should be points of attention for ethnic studies. The Chinese national community is the theoretical and practical innovation for China’s ethnic work in the new era. It is a new viewpoint and idea put forward based on a systematic summary of the adaptation of Marxist national theory to the Chinese context, the “pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation” and ethnic work components in the international communist movement. As such, this paper proposes the following conclusions:

Concerning the international dimension, building a holistic national community conceivably is the only way for conducting ethnic work in socialist countries. In terms of the construction of the Chinese national community, two issues need to be noticed: Firstly, one should forge a sense of community for the Chinese nation which is adapted to the practical situation, while avoiding the formation of narrow regional or individual ethnic communities. Secondly, ethnic unity and implementation of the will of the CPC Central Committee ought to be realized in the construction process of ethnic minority areas, in order to provide material guarantee and institutional support for the ontological construction of the Chinese national community.

As regards the theoretical dimension, the Chinese national community has a rich connotation. The proposal of the concept of the “Chinese national community” has led to a new vision of ethnic work and laid a new cornerstone of ethnic theory. The concept of the Chinese national community inherits the practical development path of the “diversity in unity” theory — especially concerning the relationship between “diversity” and “unity” of the Chinese nation — while continuing to safeguard “diversity” in the midst of the process of pursuing “unity”. Meanwhile, it also emphasizes the feedback of ontology construction to community consciousness, following the pattern of “diversity in unity”. In addition, it especially discusses the dialectical relationship between community ontology and community consciousness, which is within the parameters of Marxism.

About the practical dimension, findings suggest that the construction of the Chinese national community needs to navigate well the relationship between ontology and consciousness. Strengthening a sense of community for the Chinese nation aims at consolidating a shared ideological foundation of all ethnic groups, enhancing commonality and consistency based on a common spiritual home of the Chinese nation, and bringing all ethnic groups closer together. The ontology construction of the Chinese national community intends to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and satisfy the continuous development needs of the people of all ethnic groups. To form a virtuous circle of the consciousness and ontology of the Chinese nation community, this study offers these proposals: To begin with, deal well with the interaction between the consciousness and ontology of the Chinese national community, and pay attention to the relatively independent development track of the two; furthermore, direct the work pattern of the united front and the system of regional ethnic autonomy through strengthening a sense of community for the Chinese nation.

KeyWords:Chinese national community; diversity in unity; ethnic work; ethnic work of Soviet Union; ethnic work of Vietnam

OntheEpoch-MakingSignificanceandPracticalApproachofForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNation

HuYouze1,ZhangBowen1,LiHui2

(1.Northwest University, Xi’an, 7100127, Shaanxi; 2. United Front Work Department of the CPC Gansu Provincial Committee, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 23-31, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.003

Abstract:China is a unified multi-ethnic country. Therefore, ethnic work and ethnic affairs are essential to the stability of the overall situation.Both the party and the state have always attached great importance to ethnic affairs and incorporated ethnic work into the structural design and planning of the governance of the country. The working idea of “forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation ” is the latest achievement of the adaptation of Marxist National Theory to the Chinese context. It has distinctive characteristics of times and theory. However, how to put it into practice? This paper attempts to analyze the question from three aspects:

Firstly,forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation displays five theoretical characteristics: politicalness, unity, stability, historicity, and universality. As a long-term strategy for governing the country, it has the important function of bringing together the people’s emotions and consolidating the ruling foundation of the party. Historically, this strategy has been forming a national community created by a unified multi-ethnic country. In their close contact with each other, ethnic groups have formed together a stable sense of community of common destiny. It can be said that this strategy has promoted their integration and development. It can be viewed as a conscious inheritance of thoughts accumulated during China’s profound history, and a kind of universal value pursuit and universal belief shared by the peoples of all ethnicities throughout the country. Secondly, forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation is of epoch-making significance. It is a critical factor of the party’s guidelines, principles, and policies, and a prerequisite for safeguarding national unification as well as the lifeline of ethnic unity. In addition, it has been playing an important role in both preventing and defusing major security risks and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Thirdly, this study suggests six practical paths to strengthen the consciousness of the Chinese national community: 1) Team building should be strengthened; 2) a correct political direction should be adhered to; 3) a spiritual home, shared by all ethnic groups, should be built; 4) economic development in ethnic areas should be promoted; 5) education on national unity and progress should be emphasized; and 6) ethnic affairs should be handled according to the law.

Building a strong sense of community of the Chinese nation apparently is a complex, enormous, and systematic project. As General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed at the Central Conference on Ethnic Affairs, “forging a strong sense of community of the Chinese nation is the “principle” of the Party’s ethnic work in the new era, and all work should be focused on it.” On the one hand, the situation of national unity and social stability in our country should be valued. On the other hand, experience should be gathered and strict precautions against risks should be taken . This article further proposes that under the leadership of the Communist Party of China in the new era, a new concept of development should be implemented, differences respected, commonality pursued, and the correct path be followed aimed at solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics unswervingly as to strengthen the consciousness of Chinese National Community and realize the great dream of rejuvenating the Chinese nation.

KeyWords:strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese National Community; epoch-making significance; practical approach

ResearchontheCulturalGenerationandPracticalOrientationofChineseNationalCommunity

LiKun1,JiangTingting2

(1. School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)

(2. School of Marxism, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 32-40, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.004

Abstract:The formation and development of the Chinese national community is essentially a practical activity of cultural root-seeking and cultural construction. Therefore, based on taking a cultural approach and grasping the cultural meaning of the formation and development of the Chinese national community, the cultural route of the construction of the Chinese national community and the appropriate practical direction for the current national work are the focus of this paper.

The Chinese national community is an aggregate of the common history and culture of all its ethnic groups. During a long history of mutual cultural exchanges, the Chinese national community has nurtured its rich cultural connotations. The formation and development of the community is rooted in the fertile soil of Chinese culture. Chinese culture, as the “epitome” of the cultures of all ethnicities, has been condensed into the Chinese national gene and presently constitutes the source of the Chinese national community. For example, the “Harmonious and Comprehensive Notion” expresses the ideal pursuit of national harmonious development. The “Great Unity Thought” guides all ethnic groups in China to consciously safeguard national unity by embedding the idea of unification deeply in the heart of every Chinese.“The World Outlook” is a cultural creation of the Chinese civilization and all ethnic peoples in China recognize and inherit this “outlook” and take cultural responsibility for the common prosperity of the nation in it. Consensus at the spiritual level apparently is the basis for achieving unity and harmony. Therefore, cultural identification, the deepest level of spiritual consensus, is the spiritual foundation of national unity and harmony, determines the long-term and fundamental development of the nation, and becomes the cultural cornerstone of the Chinese national community. Cultural identification of the Chinese national community means identifying with excellent Chinese traditional culture, Chinese revolutionary culture, and well-developed socialist culture.

This paper lays emphasis on the finding that cultural identification of the Chinese national community is the basis of national identity, ethnic identity, party identity, and other doctrines. Furthermore, this article provides evidence to support the claim that the historical and cultural pattern of “diversity in unity” determines the cultural characteristics of the Chinese national community and that it also emphasizes the cultural inclusiveness and vitality of the Chinese national community. Therefore, only by correctly understanding the dialectical relationship between “diversity” and “unity” can we truly build a national community with national unity, mutual respect, mutual tolerance, and common prosperity. Research data broadly supports the view that in order to clarify the path of cultural generation and the cultural meaning of developing the Chinese national community and to establish the right direction of cultural adherence and practice for the construction of the Chinese national community, unity and diversity, historical resonance and the present situation, cultural inclusiveness and mutual economic benefit should be organically combined. It is of great significance to release cultural cohesion and the centripetal force of the Chinese national community to the full and continuously promote the construction of it.

KeyWords:Chinese national community; cultural generation; practical orientation

TheChineseCivilization’sEmpowermenttoInternationalCommunicationofSharedHumanValues

LingHaiqing

(Department of Philosophy Teaching and Research, National School of Administration, Beijing 100091, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 41-48, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.005

Abstract:The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) attached great importance to insisting on China’s cultural standpoint and enhancing the communication of the Chinese civilization. It also emphasized that China’s story should be told well, its voice heard made heard, and display to the world China’s credible, lovely, and respectable image. Therefore, to promote a high-quality international communication of Chinese civilization in the new era, it is considered necessary to sort out the shared human values contained in the Chinese civilization together with their implications for the current times. This article thus tries to systematically and dimensionally demonstrate the value basis, philosophical connotation, and era implications of the Chinese civilization for her shared human values and puts forward an optimized plan for an international communication path of the shared human values in the new era, so as to deepen the exchange and multilateral learning between diverse civilizations and promote Chinese culture to the world.

The history of Chinese civilization is one can distinguish one of integration of multiple values. The three waves of civilization integration in history, that is in the Pre-Qin Period, the Middle Ancient Period, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, injected vitality into the Chinese civilization, expanding the radiation range. In the new era, the CPC has been paying special attention to tapping the essence of Chinese civilization which has lasted for five thousand years, combining the promotion of excellent traditional culture with Marxism, unswervingly following the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, leading a new form of human civilization, and building consensus on the shared human values. Because the Chinese civilization contains the philosophical connotation of the common values of humankind and is an inexhaustible cultural treasure house for promoting the common values of humankind to the world.With the progress of reform and opening-up together with globalization, the Chinese civilization has been facing a dual mission: To adhere to the subjectivity of civilization at home and to manifest its uniqueness of civilization abroad. The foundation of Chinese civilization contains rich traditional theoretical resources and contemporary functional value transformation resources, so the promotion of these resources has theoretical value and practical significance to enhance the identification path of the common values. Furthermore, it could be said that the Chinese civilization is the most lasting and profound cultural foundation and civilization force for driving the communication of common human values and improving their international circulation capacity in the new era.

The report of the 20th National Congress additionally pointed out that building a community of a shared future for humankind is a future of the people of all countries of the world. Being virtuous and promoting good neighborliness is a time-honored tradition in China. In the new area China has been leading and uniting all ethnic peoples to advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on the way of the Chinese path to modernization, forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting shared human values for all humankind . Meanwhile, China calls on all countries to pursue the truth, keep the faith, seek peace, build win-win cooperation relations, and jointly respond to various global challenges as a community of a shared future of humankind.

KeyWords:the Spirit of the 20th National Congress；shared human values；Chinese civilization；international communication

OntheCommunistPartyofChina’sCourseandExperienceofForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNation

BaoHu

(School of Marxism, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 49-58, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.006

Abstract:In the course of revolution, construction, and reform, the Chinese people have come to realize the truth that “the Chinese nation is an indivisible whole”. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), compatriots of all ethnic groups have been working together to achieve the “two centenary goals” of “building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way” and “building a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful modern socialist country in an all-round way”.Under the leadership of the CPC, all Chinese people have been working hand in hand to create the glory of “national unity and solidarity”. The history of the Party further shows that the key to building a strong consciousness of the Chinese National Community lies in the CPC itself. The CPC has always focused on strengthening national unity, consolidating national strength, and promoting a national spirit. Transitioning from “focusing on the development of all ethnic groups” to “focusing on the construction of the integration of the Chinese nation”, the CPC has completed the integration of the Chinese nation, implanted the consciousness of the Chinese National Community in the hearts of Chinese, and made China stand erect among the nations of the world.

In a new era, especially in a critical period of the Party and the members of all ethnic groups embarking on a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and marching towards the second centenary goal, it is necessary to “build a strong consciousness of Chinese national community” to ensure that “all ethnic groups hold together like pomegranate seeds”, and promote exchange and integration among ethnic groups under the leadership of the Party Central Committee with General Secretary Xi Jinping as its core for the purpose of strengthening national unity, rallying national strength, and promoting a national spirit.

There is no doubt that the formation process of the consciousness of Chinese National Community should be clarified so as to promote high-quality development of ethnic work. The CPC has made arduous explorations in this regard and there are both successes and lessons. In addition, the consciousness of the Chinese National Community apparently has undergone a process of germination, development, and improvement in China’s history of revolution, construction, and reform and opening-up. Based on this, this paper discusses the historical process and experience of cultivating the consciousness of the Chinese National Community in the course of the Party’s history and tries to summarize its experience according to various periods, in order to establish better cultural, historical, national, and ethnic outlooks for the whole of society and encourage all Chinese to consciously integrate their pursuit of ideals into the grand cause of “rejuvenating the Chinese nation”. In other words, from the perspectives of the Party and the country’s national policy, this paper expounds on the historical development of national approach and strategy and concludes that the milestone significance of building a strong consciousness of the Chinese National Community is to “hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics”, promote social harmony, national unity, security, and reunification, and finally achieve the lofty goal of rejuvenating the Chinese nation.

KeyWords:the spirit of the 20th National Congress; socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era; the consciousness of the Chinese national community; national rejuvenation

Connotation,Characteristics,andPracticalPathofForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNationamongReturningImmigrantsfromSoutheastAsia

SongJing1,2,LuoGang2

(1. School of Law,Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan;2. Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 59-69, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.007

Abstract:From the 1950s to the 1970s, three large-scale “anti-Chinese” incidents occurred in Southeast Asian countries, and hundreds of thousands of overseas Chinese migrants were forced to return to China. These people were unable to sustain themselves due to the war, political persecution, and deteriorating economic conditions and were forced to return to China for settlement. They are called “refugees” or “returned-overseas Chinese”. The Chinese government resettled these returned immigrants and an agricultural reclamation farm was built for them which was called an overseas Chinese farm. The farm and the community formed on it have become a location for a field investigation in strengthening of a sense of community for the Chinese nation.

This paper adopts the concept of “multi-community” to research the community of overseas Chinese returnees on the farm. It analyzes the formation of diversified communities, returned-overseas-Chinese culture and identity consciousness, and examines internal cultural differences, the dynamic balance of ethnic groups, issues resulting from the integration of identity, diverse and heterogeneous group relations within returned-overseas-Chinese communities, and the resulting adjustment of ethnic relations. The respondents included leaders of the farm community, administrative staff, and returned-overseas-Chinese immigrants at different periods; survey topics comprised informal activities in the farm community ( e.g. private gatherings, trade talks, and festivals). The purpose of this research is to grasp the idea of how to construct a sense of the Chinese national community and provide suggestions for strengthening the sense of the Chinese national community in ethnic border areas.

The project conducted in-depth research on cultural, daily, and emotional exchanges among overseas-Chinese communities and identified the different local communities that developed from them through focusing on the dual cultural influences benefits of the returnees and tried to analyze how they have been identifying with the nation as well as their particular backgrounds. Based on the above research, this article aims to uncover internal and external connections between the overseas-Chinese migrants and their homeland China and further reinforce and develop the “channel” for communication and exchange between compatriots at home and abroad.

In future research, it is the strong opinion of this study that the policy of “understand the situation of overseas Chinese, unite their hearts, safeguard their interests, and give full play to their strength” should be implemented to strengthen a sense of identity and pride of returned-overseas Chinese from Southeast Asian countries. Meanwhile, we should publicize the idea that China has a broad public base and long-term social practice basis to be used for cultural mutual learning and exchange in order to forge the returnees’ sense of Chinese national community. As we enter the new era, the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has shown unprecedented potential. It increasingly becomes the common aspiration of Chinese people at home and abroad to better build and develop the Chinese nation and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as soon as possible.Only by forging a sense of Chinese national community at home and abroad can we build a strong and positive momentum to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the common vision of all Chinese people. The dual cultural influences benefits for the returning migrants from Southeast Asia have become an important force in building a community with a shared future for mankind and strengthening a sense of community for the Chinese nation.

KeyWords:Chinese National Community; connotation; characteristics and practical path; returning immigrants in Southeast Asia

AnEmpiricalStudyontheSatisfactionofEducationonForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNationinMinzuCollegesandUniversities

YangMin,ChenXueling

(Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 674100, Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 70-77, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.008

Abstract:As a frontier of ideological work of the Communist Party of China, Minzu universities and colleges must undertake the important task of forging a strong sense of the Chinese national community. Relevant research has shown that education plays an important role in this process in that it can shape the cognitive structure and behavioral logic of those educated, balance knowledge and practice and make teachers and students of all ethnic groups bond “like pomegranate seeds”. So it is deemed crucial to promote the effectiveness of education in building the consciousness of the Chinese national community. Minzu universities and colleges have been attaching great importance to the education of the consciousness of the Chinese national community, taking it as its main line of work, establishing research institutions and colleges, setting up corresponding courses, carrying out a series of related activities, and providing students with an all-round, whole-process, full-coverage, and three-dimensional learning. However, the educational results for students have proven to be uneven due to differences in training objectives, school missions, policy support, capital investments, and teaching objectives, resulting in a certain gap between students’ demand for education and the supply of it. Because of this, the present study investigates a satisfaction survey of college students with the education on forging the consciousness of the Chinese national community in an effort to grasp the current situation, analyze relevant problems, and put forward suggestions from the perspective of students.

This paper conducted a study in the form of questionnaires and on-site interviews. It designed a “Questionnaire on Students’ Satisfaction with the Education on Forging the Consciousness of Chinese National Community” by adopting the Likert scale and using SPSS25.0 software to analyze the results. The findings are as follows: Firstly, descriptive statistical analysis was used to conclude that different grades, political statuses, and professional categories showed significant differences in various indicators; secondly, the evaluation index in the questionnaire was classified by the exploratory factor analysis method, and satisfaction indexes were summarized into the use of teaching resources, the building of campus culture, and students’ individual behaviors; finally, multiple linear regression analyses were carried out at three levels, and the significant factors influencing the satisfaction of the education were summarized. It shows that students have been generally satisfied with the education on strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community, and investment in teaching resources and campus culture building are significant influencing factors .

Therefore, in order to promote education satisfaction, universities should continue to function as the main channel of curriculum, optimize and integrate teaching resources; teachers should ideally improve the curriculum design and their teaching methods, give full play to the role of scientific research in educating students, and lead them to participate in it through field investigation, inquiry, interviews, and other ways. At the same time, educators should take students’ development needs and social development needs as a starting point and foundation, potentially create additional class activities of a high caliber, and reinvigorate campus culture. In addition, universities should preferably carry out research on students, gather first-hand information on them, improve systems and mechanisms, and build an online and offline publicity position for the education on forging the consciousness of the Chinese national community.

KeyWords:Minzu universities and colleges; forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation; educational satisfaction

PutonghuaEducationforPre-PrimaryChildrenandStrengtheningaSenseofChineseNationalCommunityinEthnicMinorityAreas

ShiLin

(School of Chinese Language and Literature, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 78-87, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.009

Abstract:The instrumental and cultural functions of language as well as its economic and social values make standard spoken and written Chinese a crucial factor in strengthening a sense of the Chinese National Community. The primary task of language work in China in the new era is to combine medium- and long-term development plans of regional economies and societies, maximize the language’s role in poverty reduction and education’s function in intellectual development within the context of rural revitalization, and continuously promote and popularize standard spoken and written Chinese in key regions and populations. Therefore, the intimate relationship between Putonghua education for pre-primary children in ethnic areas and the work of strengthening a sense of the Chinese national community should be fully recognized.

Linguistic competence is seen as an important component of children’s cognitive ability. For children in ethnic minority areas, preschool-age education can lay a solid foundation for lifelong development and endogenous development momentum. In those areas that have been lifted out of poverty, preschool-age education is a crucial step in intellectual development, and it can blaze a trail to break “the cycle of cumulative poverty”. Putonghua education is in the basal layer of basic elementary language education and can significantly improve individual linguistic proficiency as well as acquisitive, cognitive, and communicative abilities related to it. Therefore, it is imperative to seize the critical period of language learning for young children and insist on “starting with children” to improve Putonghua education for preschool-age children in ethnic minority areas and help them overcome “the first hurdle of life” under the principle of “ master Putonghua in the pre-primary period”.

Based on a survey of the current condition of Putonghua education for pre-primary children in county G, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, this paper shows remarkable results and achievements at this stage in terms of educational resources, teaching staff, teaching methods, attainment assessment, and educational linkage, while simultaneously focusing on prominent problems faced by kindergarten teachers (tutors) in terms of their ability to apply the standard spoken and written Chinese language and employ teaching skills, and puts forward ways to promote Putonghua education for pre-primary children in ethnic areas:1)Based on strengthening coordination and financial support, it seems obvious to continue carrying out both the “One Village, One Kindergarten” program and the “Master Putonghua in Pre-primary Period” initiative to ensure sustainable and high-quality development of Putonghua education;2)the laws of education should be followed, effective management and supervision ought to be concentrated on, and educational policies should be tailored to the local conditions of each ethnic area, in an effort to ensure a systemic, holistic, and synergistic promotion and popularization of the national standard spoken and written language and formulate and implement policies for pre-primary education for children in ethnic areas; 3)be strict with access mechanism, strengthen demonstration and leadership, and cultivate a stable, qualified, and localized kindergarten teaching staff; 4)accelerate “Internet+” distance education and introduce “famous schools +” educational resources; and 5)vigorously carry out teacher-training programs as part of the “Children Speak with the Same Voice” plan aimed at improving proficiency and teaching skills in spoken and written standard Chinese for teachers in ethnic rural areas.

KeyWords:strengthening the sense of Chinese national community; pre-primary children in ethnic areas; Putonghua; language policy

SmartEducationoftheStandardSpokenandWrittenChineseLanguageinEthnicMinorityAreasfromthePerspectiveofForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNation:ACaseStudyofLiangshanPrefectureofSichuan

MaRuiling1,QiuFuyuan2

(1. School of Information Science, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, 100083; 2. School of Chinese Language and Literature, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 88-97, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.010

Abstract:In the dual context of forging a solid sense of the Chinese national community and the digitization of education, intelligent technologies appear to promote innovation and reform in the field of education and present smart education as the new prototype of education. Accordingly, it is considered critical to incorporate artificial intelligence technology into the realm of education in the processes of promoting and popularizing the standard spoken and written Chinese language and exploring how to construct a smart education system in ethnic areas.

Firstly, this paper addresses basic concepts and educational patterns of smart education of the standard spoken and written Chinese Language in ethnic minority areas. Based on the specific language situations and experiences of promoting Putonghua in ethnic regions, the smart education of the standard spoken and written Chinese language has become a new type of education that takes forging a solid sense of the Chinese national community as its core, contemporary language epistemology and pedagogy as its guidance, the cultivation of innovative and intelligent talents as its goal, a smart environment as its space, technology-driven learning as its method, and smart evaluation systems as its safeguard. As an activity that is deeply integrated and efficiently enabled by digital technology, this kind of smart education strives to create an educational ecology of “horizontal and vertical matrix”. At the horizontal dimension the “power source” of technology is activated, and at the vertical dimension the “wisdom source” of education is utilized.

Secondly, this paper took Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan Province as a survey site to analyze its recent status of national standard language education and education informatization. This survey selected 750 local residents as subjects and gathered information at three levels: language ability, digital literacy, and technology-supported language learning. The findings of the survey indicate that both Putonghua education and educational informatization in Liangshan Prefecture have made great progress and have provided a good learning environment and social atmosphere for technology-enabled Putonghua education in ethnic areas.

Finally, based on systemic thinking and synergy theory, this research constructs a smart education model for the standard spoken and written Chinese language, aimed at promoting education in ethnic minority areas. It consists of two subsystems: one related to education and another to empowerment. In the process of building these systems, we should integrate four external components (government, society, school, and family) and six internal elements (theory, model, teachers, environment, resources, and evaluation) so that all these parts can work together towards a common goal. On the one hand, from the perspective of education, we would propose an educational system of “teaching students in accordance with their aptitude” and centered on “smart development” in an effort to move an educational concept from “a single one” to “multiple ones”. On the other hand, from the perspective of technology, we would put forward an empowering system that is “data-driven” and “intelligent” so that the educational environment can evolve from “separated” to “integrated” along with space expansion.

KeyWords:ethnic minority areas; the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language; smart education; Chinese national community consciousness; digital transformation of education

TheValueofFolkSongsinForgingaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNation

XuFenghua,YuanWei,YanLingnan

(Central China Normal University,Wuhang,430079，Hubei,China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 98-106, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.011

Abstract:Folk songs, a crucial carrier for fostering a strong sense of Chinese national community, contain strong artistry and practicality. The inheritance that they convey and their developmental process attest to an awakening and internalization of a national collective consciousness. This paper explores the function of folk songs in strengthening a sense of the Chinese national community and analyzes it from the perspectives of value manifestation and artistic expression with the aim of finding a practical path to reinforce a sense of the Chinese national community with folk songs as a medium.

Firstly, findings indicate folk songs carry a collective memory of all ethnic groups, stimulate the collective consciousness of the nation, and express shared feelings. All these traits make traditional folk music an irreplaceable and important part of both maintaining the unity of ethnic groups and building a common spiritual home for the nation. For one thing, the content of folk songs is based on collective historical memory and collective cultural memory of multi-ethnic groups. For another, there appears to be a large number of “homologous folk songs” and “similar folk songs” in the folk song system. Moreover, folk music mainly seems to contain songs of life, voices of the times, and oral improvisation with people’s lives, reflecting the unique emotional expression of a nation.

Secondly, folk songs, as a composite carrier of language and sound, can act as a “powerful agent” of uniting the sense of the Chinese national community. For example, the symbolic nature of the pentatonic tune arguably is important to deepening a national sense of belonging. By using this pentatonic tune as a symbol, people can feel the existence of the Chinese national community and gain a sense of identity. Besides, the unique linguistic and repetitive patterns of traditional folk melodies can transmit the deep emotions of the nation. Generally speaking, it can be concluded that the tuning, melody, and lyrics in oral musical tradition can be used to continuously empower people and deepen their sense of belonging, express their national emotions, and strengthen their national identity.

Finally, this research additionally suggests we should rely on music classes to investigate the value of folk songs for nurturing people of various ethnic communities. Moreover, school music education should follow the requirements of national policies, balance “commonality” and “difference”, integrate the traditional rural music of different ethnicities, and ensure that a sense of community for the Chinese nation is organically integrated into its system. Then, folk songs of different ethnic peoples should be created in multiple ways to show a common spirit shared by different ethnic groups. Furthermore, with the help of new media technology, the theme of national unity should be narrated in multiple ways. It is necessary to make full use of modern media to create a digital and real-time interactive space and sing the theme of national unity on various platforms, in order to realize a three-dimensional, comprehensive, and interactive understanding of the Chinese national community and build a broad consensus for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

KeyWords:strengthening the sense of Chinese national community; value of folk songs; artistic characteristics; path of realization

CulturalChoice:AnalysisoftheMotivationforDevelopingTraditionalFolkDancefromthePerspectiveoftheSenseofChineseNationalCommunity

YuanTongkai,ZhaoJingwei

(Department of Sociology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 107-117, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.012

Abstract:Focusing on cultural choice, this article examines the power source of developing traditional folk dance from two levels: At the macro level, cultivating Chinese cultural identity and building a strong sense of Chinese national community in the process of national development is the requirement of the times and the structural driver of the development of traditional folk dance; at the micro level, cultural inheritance and development are completed through specific practices of cultural actors, and these actions are the main driving force to promote the growth of traditional folk dance. Specifically the following findings are proposed:

First, the structural needs of national cultural development in different periods appear to influence the development of traditional folk dance. Diachronically, the evolution of traditional folk dance has experienced two shifts: To begin with, from the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the end of the 20th century, China aimed to establish cultural self-confidence and national cultural identity through political and artistic discourse. Therefore, artists integrated traditional folk dance into mainstream discourse by emphasizing the “nationality” of dance and endowing it with a “national form”, that is, making it a cultural resource that condenses national identity changing the designation of traditional folk dance from “folk dance” to “national folk dance”. Secondly, since the 21st century, the concern for high Chinese traditional culture plus the cultural development-trend of intangible cultural heritage protection have together formed a trend of convergence. Traditional folk dance has developed the “intangible cultural heritage dance” (a cultural form with the characteristics of the intangible cultural heritage era) besides its original form and the development trend inherited from the last century. In this way, we can find a structural foundational strength of cultural development — sharing a common destiny of the Chinese nation — dominating the development direction of traditional folk dance.

Second, in the context of fostering a strong sense of Chinese national community, cultural choices and adaptive practices of multiple actors constitute the main driving force behind the current composition of traditional folk dance. Synchronically, multiple actors adjust the development pattern of traditional dance by promoting intangible heritage development and professional development, so as to integrate it into the process of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. On the one hand, they promote the intangible cultural heritage development of traditional folk dance by emphasizing social sharing of traditional culture and consequently maintaining the diversity of Chinese culture, thus arousing a cultural consciousness of the nation and cultivate the people’s cultural identity. On the other hand, art creators appear to have improved themselves professionally in terms of folk dance composition and folk art education; made professional development of traditional folk dances in terms of artistic creation and art education; they also have succeeded in embedding common feelings and historical memories of Chinese culture into folk dances of all ethnicities, and in strengthening cultural confidence through respecting unique cultural characteristics, thus shaping a cohesive Chinese culture.

For the aforementioned reasons, this paper concludes that the further expansion of excellent Chinese culture and a sense of Chinese national community are intimately related. The common destiny of the Chinese nation affects the development of Chinese culture, and Chinese culture has also become an important cultural resource to shape national image and promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

KeyWords:a sense of Chinese national community; excellent Chinese traditional culture; traditional folk dance; intangible cultural heritage

LocalizationofTibetanDance:CommunicationandDevelopmentofUrbanEthnicCultureanditsCulturalandEcologicalNiche——Based on a Field Investigation in the Shuangliu District of Chengdu

ChenDingman

(Center for Bashu Cultural Studies，College of Chinese Traditional Culture, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066，Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 118-126, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.013

Abstract:People can be considered carriers of culture and for that reason population flow may lead to the change and development of culture. In the new era of China, cities have become a place where all ethnic groups interact the most and the ways, conditions, and consequences of these cultural exchanges between different urban ethnic peoples can be worthy of attention. Tibetan dance is known to be an essential part of Tibetan traditional culture. Existing related studies have been focusing on the prevalence of Tibetan dance in cities and discussing the reasons for this phenomenon, but have been neglecting the evolutions in Tibetan dance itself and their impact on urban society. This study tries to answer this question and explores the relationship between Tibetan dances and corresponding cities.

With the migration of the Ganzi Tibetan population to Shuangliu, Tibetan dance has gradually developed from a “regional” cultural practice of the Ganzi Tibetans to a “transregional” cultural phenomenon, and finally have become an urban cultural activity and a multi-ethnic dance. The participants, dancing posture, function, and connotation of Tibetan dance have changed, and the localization of Tibetan dance has been realized in this process of “transregional”. Findings show its localization has not only been related to the connotation of ethnic groups’ traditional culture and the intentions of local cultures but has also been affected by individual identity, value orientation, and policies . This is an inevitable process for ethnic groups’ traditional culture to avoid marginalization or extinction in urbanization.

Several studies have demonstrated that the protection, inheritance, development, and innovation of culture are inseparable from a specific ecological and cultural environment, namely its “cultural and ecological niche”. The historical and cultural conditions of aspects of culture that are shared by ethnic communities in China, the active exchanges between them, and the realistic social environment of “cultural cooperation” between local governments and residents, together these jointly build a “niche” for the localization and development of Tibetan dance. In this “niche”, different factors interact and make Tibetan dance localized to the city and acculturated to a new cultural landscape. This can deepen our understanding of the cultural and ecological environment required for the inheritance and proper development of ethnic peoples’ traditional culture in cities against the background of large-scale migration and integration of ethnic peoples in the new era. In other words, from research data it can be inferred that ethnic traditional culture can only be inherited when historical and cultural conditions, ethnic relations, the genuine social environments, and other elements are organically organized and interact.

Inter-ethnic exchange emphasizes respecting cultural diversity among ethnic groups. This study shows that ethnic people-groups in Shuangliu learn about each other’s culture, enhance commonalities, reduce differences, and jointly build a cultural entity of harmony: urban Tibetan dance. It not only functions as a cultural bridge between ethnic groups but also provides a shared spiritual home for them in Shuangliu, acts as a kind of glue for ethnic groups in urban society, and therefore has become quite significant for promoting ethnic unity at the grassroots level of Chinese society .

KeyWords:Tibetan dance; localization; ethnic culture; cultural and ecological niche

TheCommunicationandIntegrationofFoodCulturesamongChina’sDifferentEthnicGroupsintheYuan,Ming,andQingDynastiesandItsFunction

DuLi,WangShengpeng

(Academy of Sichuan Cuisine Development and Food Culture, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu, 610100,Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 127-133, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.014

Abstract:Food culture typically represents the essence of the Chinese national community. Broadly speaking, it refers to the sum of material and spiritual wealth created and accumulated over time by people through cooking and consuming foodstuffs; in terms of structures and forms of existence, culinary culture can be divided into two areas: The first one refers to material aspects such as ingredients, dish varieties, tea and beverages, and cooking utensils and equipment. The second domain is about spiritual culture, i.e. the intangible cultural aspect including food systems, etiquette, culinary folklore, food thoughts, and nutrition science. Records show during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, food exchange among different ethnic groups happened frequently and played an important role in promoting the further development of Chinese food culture and solidifying the Chinese national community.

Documents reveal that during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing periods, frequent exchange and integration of food cultures between Han and ethnic minorities was the most outstanding feature, characterized by two-way interaction, double-layer integrity, mutual learning, and innovation. Culinary traditions of ethnic minorities — like e.g. food, drinks and cooking techniques — were introduced to the Han regime, as a large number of Mongolian, Hui, and Manchu ethnic communities settled in the central plains and Jiangnan (south of Yangzi River) regions, leading to a high level of trade and consequent interaction. Food cultures of other ethnic peoples attracted the attention of the Han people and were absorbed by them. Related records show that various dishes, techniques of cookery, and the presentation and eating of foods of the Hui, Manchu, Mongolian, and other ethnic minorities had entered the Han areas such as the Beijing region, Jiangnan, and Southwest, and had been integrated by the Han people into their daily lives.

Meanwhile, this research further demonstrates the Han people also introduced their own food culture to other ethnicities, including ingredients, food varieties and cooking techniques, culinary ideas, food systems, and customs. In the Yuan Dynasty, Han tea-drinking customs entered the dietary life of the Mongolians. Efforts to “combine medicine and food” and the ideas of diet and health preservation were adopted by the court of the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, corn, potatoes, and other food materials which originated in North America gradually spread from the regime of the Han to ethnic minority regimes and became important food materials and trade products in areas inhabited by the Yi and Tibetan peoples in southwest China. Festival food traditions, Shandong cuisine, and Jiangnan cooking also gradually entered the Manchu court. In addition, the communication and integration of various ethnic culinary cultures also produced a new, integrated, and fusion-style food culture. Arguably the most eye-catching and typical banquet would be the Manchu-Han Banquet in Qing Dynasty, famous for combining the quintessence of Manchu and Han cuisines.

KeyWords:the communication and integration; food cultures;the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties; Chinese national community

ResearchonHigh-QualityEconomicDevelopmentinEthnicMinorityAreasfromthePerspectiveoftheChineseNationalCommunity

LvCan,LiJing

(School of Economics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207,Sichuan, China)

JOURNALOFETHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO.12, 134-145, 2022 (CN51-1731/C, in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2022.12.015

Abstract:This paper proposes that there is an internal logic of three dimensions, i.e. history, theory and practice, between the high quality economic development of ethnic minority areas and forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation. From a historical perspective, the Chinese nation has jointly created a brilliant Chinese civilization, achieved the cause of national liberation, and significantly promoted economic development in ethnic areas. From a theoretical perspective, both pursue equality, adhere to unity, and emphasize sharing. High-quality economic development is a practical prerequisite for building a sense of the Chinese national community. Building a sense of the Chinese national community aspires to provide spiritual cohesion for high-quality economic development in ethnic areas. From a perspective of practice, regional ethnic autonomy, the policy of counterpart support, the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation, and other systems, policies and strategies have been playing an important role in promoting a sense of Chinese national community and economic development.

At present, weak economic development in ethnic areas appears to negatively affect the sense of the Chinese national community. From the perspective of industrial structure, the overall process of industrialization is slow and secondary industry is sacrificed in favor of a more dominant position of tertiary industry. From the perspective of innovation capability, it is noticeable that the level of innovation investment is low, leading to poor innovation capability. From the perspective of income gap, it can be told that the income gap between urban and rural areas stays substantial, making rural parts lag behind in both regional development and balanced urban and rural development. In terms of supply of basic public services, the distribution of educational opportunity, the supply of health care and other public services are relatively scarce, and the quality of school, medical, and health service systems in most areas apparently are poor. Considering the multi-level and structural problems restricting economic development in ethnic areas, a path must be found that promotes economic development and a sense of the Chinese national community. The following may be stated:

First, new and characteristic industries should be opened up and cultivated, and traditional industries be transformed to improve the quality of industrial structure, coordinate the development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, and promote the optimization of the economic structure, consumption structure, and social structure. Second, “combination boxing” of innovation should be played as to enhance innovative development, so that ethnic areas can be better integrated into the Chinese modernization process. Third, full play should be given to the comparative and unique advantages of ethnic areas, economic growth be promoted, and people’s incomes increased through sustainable development, in order to solve the issue of asymmetrical economic development. Fourth, on the subjects of improving basic public services and establishing high-quality economic development, the living standards of people of all ethnic groups should be steadily improved. Given the above, it is reasonable to assume that in the new era of China, the process of promoting common prosperity for all ethnic groups in China coincides with the process of building a sense of the Chinese national community. By upgrading the economic development in ethnic areas to the height of the Chinese national community, national unity, a better livelihood, and a strong sense of Chinese national community may be truly realized.

KeyWords:Chinese national community; ethnic areas; economic development; high-quality