马斯达尔研究所，阿布扎比，阿联酋

2022-03-19福斯特及其合伙人事务所

世界建筑 2022年3期

福斯特及其合伙人事务所

马斯达尔研究所致力于研究可持续发展，其建筑也是马斯达尔市首个全生命周期可持续的建筑。由福斯特及其合伙人事务所设计的总体规划融入了已演进几个世纪的阿拉伯传统建筑经验。这是首个完全由太阳能驱动的建筑。它将用作可持续技术的旗舰测试平台，探索未来在马斯达尔建筑中运用的可能。这里工作的研究生是马斯达尔市的首批居民。

总体规划的范围内10MW的太阳能场提供的能量比马斯达尔研究所消耗的能量还多60%，剩余的部分将反馈给阿布扎比电网中。由一栋主楼、一个图书馆和学生宿舍组成的校园，其能源和水的使用显著低于阿联酋建筑的平均水平，特别是研究所及其设施的用水减少了54%，用电减少了51%，并全部由太阳能供电。这些削减是根据与阿联酋类似规模和功能的建筑标准基线相比较得出的。整个校园约30%的能源由屋顶太阳能板解决，75%的水加热也由太阳能解决。

马斯达尔研究所展示了支撑整个总体规划的可持续原则。建筑物有自遮阳的立面，并朝向最大可能提供遮阳的方向，同时为相邻建筑物及人行道提供阴凉。超过500m2的屋顶设有光伏板，提供能源并为街道层提供更多遮蔽。宿舍的窗户受到当代的“mashrabiya”（阿拉伯传统花窗）保护，这是一种具有可持续性的玻璃—钢筋混凝土制成的格子状凸出窗格，采用当地沙子的颜色，使其能够融入沙漠环境，并减少所需的维护。窗格的采光和遮阳的穿孔形式来自伊斯兰教传统建筑中的图案。

The Masdar Institute, devoted to researching sustainability, is the first building to be fully operational within Masdar City. The masterplan,by Foster + Partners, incorporates lessons which have evolved over centuries of traditional Arabian architecture. The Masdar Institute is the first building of its kind to be powered entirely by renewable solar energy. It will be used as a pilot test bed for the sustainable technologies that will be explored for implementation in future Masdar City buildings. The post graduate students are Masdar City's first resident community.

A 10 megawatt solar field within the masterplan site provides 60% more energy than is consumed by the Masdar Institute, the remaining energy is fed back to the Abu Dhabi grid. The campus, which consists of a main building, a knowledge centre and students' quarters, will use significantly less energy and water than average buildings in the UAE. In particular, the Institute and its facilities use 54 percent less potable water, 51 percent less electricity and are fully powered by solar energy. These reductions are based on comparisons to UAE standard baselines for buildings of similar size and specifications.Around 30% of the campus's energy will be covered by solar panels on the roof, with 75% of hot water also being heated by the sun.

The Institute demonstrates the sustainable principles underpinning the overall masterplan.The buildings have self-shading façades and are orientated to provide maximum shade as well as sheltering adjacent buildings and the pedestrian streets below. Over 5000 square metres of roof mounted photovoltaic installations provide power and additional shading at street level. Windows in the residential buildings are protected by a contemporary reinterpretation of mashrabiya, a type of latticed projecting oriel window constructed with sustainably developed, glass-reinforced concrete, coloured with local sand to integrate with its desert context and to minimise maintenance. The perforations for light and shade are based on the patterns found in the traditional architecture of Islam.

实验室通常机动可变，具有“即插即用”的特性，以鼓励跨学科的研究。水平和垂直方向上的页片、天窗为实验室遮阳。这些都是高度绝缘的充气垫外墙，即使在最强烈的沙漠阳光下也能保持凉爽的触感。通过对该地区传统风塔的现代诠释，冷却气流被引导到公共空间。公共空间通过绿色景观和水提供蒸发式冷却，进一步降温。福斯特研究团队在现场进行的热像仪测试已经证实，与阿布扎比市中心相比，校园内的辐射及体感温度大幅降低。

实验室与宿舍中辅有一系列社交空间，包括健身房、餐厅、咖啡厅、图书馆、“majlis”（会议场所），拓展了城市边界，创建了城市新旅游目的地的景观区。一居室、两居室或三居室的公寓安排在一片低层高密度区域，成为与教育实验环境截然不同的社交场所。

该建筑属于4期规划中的第一期，最终该机构将收入600～800名学生。4个住宅区围绕着中央实验室和图书馆属于项目的一期建设，另外还包括一座清真寺、会议厅和体育馆。二期于2010年底开启，包括更多的实验室和公寓。作为一个试点项目，10辆PRT校车可以从城市周边进入研究所的地下车库。

这一项目代表着阿布扎比在碳中和背景下创建一个国际中心来开拓可持续技术的承诺。□（庞凌波译）

1 外景Exterior view

2 庭院Courtyard

The laboratories are unusually flexible for change with "plug and play" services to encourage interdisciplinary research. Horizontal and vertical fins and brise soleil shade the laboratories. These are highly insulated by façades of inflatable cushions, which remain cool to the touch under the most intense desert sun. Cooling air currents are channelled through the public spaces using a contemporary interpretation of the region's traditional wind towers. The public spaces are further cooled by green landscaping and water to provide evaporative cooling. Thermal camera tests on-site by Fosters' research team have already confirmed substantial drops in radiant or "felt"temperatures on campus compared with current practice in central Abu Dhabi.

The laboratories and residential accommodation are supported by a variety of social spaces, including a gymnasium, canteen, café, knowledge centre,majlis – or meeting place – and landscaped areas that extend the civic realm and help to create a new destination within the city. One, two and threebedroom apartments are housed in low-rise, highdensity blocks, which act as a social counterpoint to the educational laboratory environment.

This building is the first of four planned phases that will bring the eventual student population to 600～800. Four residential blocks surround a central laboratory and the Knowledge Centre, the first in a series of additional campus buildings, which will include a mosque, conference hall and sports complex. The second phase is due to start on site by the end of the year to include further laboratories and apartments. The Masdar Institute is accessed by 10 personal rapid transit (PRT) cars that are being run as a pilot project from the City perimeter to the undercroft below the building.

This project signals Abu Dhabi's commitment to creating an international centre to pioneer sustainable technologies within an environment which is itself carbon neutral.□