Kionochaeta中2个中国新记录种和2个大陆新记录种
2022-02-10李小霞肖仲久刘婷赵燚
李小霞 肖仲久 刘婷 赵燚
摘 要:對采自贵州省习水国家自然保护区(长嵌沟管理站)和贵州省燕子岩国家森林公园若干份枯枝进行室内的标本保湿处理,对其上的暗色丝孢菌采用形态学鉴定法。根据Kionochaeta(悬刺毛孢属)的典型特征:由菌丝体分枝产生分生孢子梗。分生孢子梗粗大、单生、直立、直或稍弯曲、光滑、具隔、厚壁、褐色至黑褐色、锥形、刚毛状,无或伴生侧生刚毛状分枝的分生孢子梗。可育区域通常在分生孢子梗的中下部,极少在顶端;由紧凑或松弛,不规则或流苏状排列,其上产生产孢细胞。产孢细胞安瓿形,烧瓶形或圆柱形,具2种增殖类型:(1)内壁芽生式,没有持续导致平周变厚;(2)内壁芽生式,持续的及顶式产生新的产孢位点。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,产生一个液滴(在基质上),透明,无隔膜,光滑,椭圆形、梭形、镰状或棒状,极少在两端具一个简单的刚毛。HMZNC0426菌株的典型特征:较长刚毛状分生孢子梗在整个生长过程中缺乏紧密、分枝的产孢结构,但顶端可能产生一系列短的不规则分枝的产孢细胞,刚毛状分生孢子梗基部常伴生一种顶端具产孢结构,较短的分生孢子梗;HMZNC0356菌株的典型特征:分生孢子梗无侧生刚毛状分枝,产胞结构产生在分生孢子梗近中部单一位点上,产孢细胞紧密、无规则排列在分生孢子梗中部;HMZNC0381菌株的典型特征:分生孢子梗中下部着生2~5根侧生的刚毛状分枝,主轴和侧枝的部分顶端着生一系列不规则、短的分枝,其上产生产孢细胞,从而形成可育区域;可育区域位于侧枝下端,构成紧密、分枝、透明至浅褐色的产孢细胞;HMZNC0427菌株的典型特征:分生孢子梗中部着生一根侧生的刚毛状分枝,较短,可育区域位于侧枝下端。根据上述特征鉴定出:Kionochaeta内的K. nanophora Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0426)和K. spissa P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (HMZNC0356)为中国新记录种,K. australiensis Goh & K. D. Hyde (HMZNC0427)和K. pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0381)为中国大陆新记录种。该标本保存在遵义师范学院真菌学标本室(HMZNC)。
关键词:暗色丝孢菌;Kionochaeta;新记录种
中图分类号:Q939.5 文献标识码:A
Two New Records Species of Kionochaeta from China and Two New Species of Kionochaeta from Mainland China
LI Xiaoxia1,3, XIAO Zhongjiu1,2,3, LIU Ting1,3, ZHAO Yi1
1. College of Biology and Agriculture (College of Food Science and Technology), Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563002, China; 2. College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563002, China; 3. Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic for Conservation and Utilization of Plant Resource in Chishui River Basin, Zunyi, Guizhou 563002, China
Abstract: Some rotten twigs collected from Xishui National Nature Reserve (Changqiangou Management Station) and Yanziyan National Forest Park of Guizhou Province were treated with moisturizer indoors. The dematiaceous hyphomycetes on them were identified by morphological identification. Kionochaeta have the typical characteristics of conidiophores arising as lateral branches from mycelium. The conidiophores from the species are macronematous, mononematous, erect, straight or slightly curvued, subulate, smooth, septate, thick-walled, brown to dark brown setiform element with or without associated lateral setiform branches. Usually, the feritle areas were located sub-median, rarely also apical of the conidiophores, which are comprised either compact or loosely and irregularly or penicillately arranged branches. The conidiogenous cells grew out of the feritle areas. Conidiogenous cells are ampulliform, lageniform or cylindrical, which produce two types conidia: (1) enteroblastic without progression leading to periclinal thickening; (2) enteroblastic percurrent with progression leading to a new conidiogenous locus. The condia are aerogenous, solitary, which bear in a liquid droplet, hyaline, aseptate, smooth, ellipsoid, fusiform, falcate or clavate, rarely with a single simple setula at each end. The typical features of HMZNC0426 strain: The longer setiform conidiophores lack a dense and branched conidiogenous structure throughout their growth, but produce a series of short, irregularly branched conidiogenous structure at the apex. The base of the longer setiform conidiophores are often accompanied by a shorter conidiophore with apical conidiogenous structure. The typical features of HMZNC0356 strain: The conidiophores have no lateral setiform branches, and the conidiogenous structure is produced at a single site near the middle of the conidiophores. The conidiogenous cells are closely and irregularly arranged in the middle of the conidiophores. The typical features of HMZNC0381 strain: There are 2–5 lateral setiform branches in the lower middle part of the conidiospores. The main body and part of the lateral branches have a series of irregular, short branches on which produce conidiogenous cells form fertile regions. Fertile areas are located at the lower part of the lateral branches, forming compact, branched, light-colored to light brown conidiogenous cells. The typical features of HMZNC0427 strain: There is a lateral setiform branch in the middle of the conidiospores, which is shorter, and the fertile area is located at the lower end of the lateral branch. Identified by the above characteristics, K. nanophora Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0426) and K. spissa P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (HMZNC0356) are as new records species to China; K. pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0381) and K. australiensis Goh & K. D. Hyde (HMZNC0427) are as new recorded species to mainland China. The examined specimens are deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Zunyi Normal College (HMZNC).
Keywords: Dematiaceous hyphomycetes; Kionochaeta; new record species
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.01.010
Kionochaeta[1]由KIRK和SUTTON在1985年将Chaetopsina Rambelli中分生孢子梗为暗色、在100%乳酸中分生孢子梗不变黄,有性型为 Sphaeriaceae的4个组合种:K. ramifera (Matsush.) P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (≡Chaetopsina ramifera Matsush.)[2]、K. ivoriensis (Rambelli & Lunghini) P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (≡Chaetopsina ivoriensis Rambelli & Lunghini)[3]、K. keniensis (P. M. Kirk) P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (≡Chaetopsina keniensis P. M. Kirk)[4]和K. virtuosa (Rambelli & Lunghini) P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (≡Chaetopsina virtuosa Rambelli & Lunghini)[5]纳入Kionochaeta;此外,又增加了K. aristata P. M. Kirk,K. malaysiana P. M. Kirk和K. spissa P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton 3个新种,并以K. ramifera作为模式种建立该属。
KUTHUBUTHEEN等[6]在1988年增添了2个新种K. pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi和K. nanophora Kuthub. & Nawawi。随后在1994—2019年又陆续增加了K. pini Crous, M. J. Wingf. & W. B. Kendr.; K. australiensis Goh & K. D. Hyde; K. pleomorpha R. F. Castañeda, W. B. Kendr. & Guarro; K. castaneae C. G. Lin & J. K. Liu; K. microspora C. G. Lin & K. D. Hyde和K. filamentosa Yanna & K. D. Hyde共6个新种[7-11];在1998年CASTAÑEDA等根据其簇生的产孢结构相似K. nanophora,同时具有杆状的分生孢子和具3个共源性状(Heteroconium, Selenosporella, Sporidesmiella)的特征将其作为新组合种移入K. pleomorpha (≡Phialocorona pleomorpha Subram.)[9, 12],但目前许多科学家还是认同原来对该种的分类,在Index Fungorum中该种已被移出。目前在Index Fungorum中有效种共14个种。
Kionochaeta在分生孢子梗、产孢方式及分生孢子形态上与Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.[13]和Chaetopsina 2个属相似。Chaetopsina的分生孢子梗淡色、在100%乳酸为黄色,有性型为丛赤壳科(Nectriaceae);Zanclospora与Kionochaeta的分生孢子梗为暗色,在100%的乳酸中不變黄,有性型为球壳科(Sphaeriaceae),但Zanclosporaa的产孢细胞无柄,直接以轮生形式排列在不具刚毛状分生孢子梗上;而Kionochaeta的产孢细胞具柄,以多样方式排列在刚毛状分生孢子梗上。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
标本材料采集自贵州省习水国家自然保护区(长嵌沟管理站)和贵州省燕子岩国家自然森林公园。采集标本时,选择不同生境条件进行采集,截成10 cm左右的小段,装入封口袋,贴上标签(注明采集地、时间、植被(可辨别)、经纬度及海拔等),带回实验室处理。
1.2 方法
对野外采集的枯枝按采集区域进行整理、分类及编号,截成5~7 cm左右的小段,装入放有湿润吸水纸的塑料培养皿中,25℃保湿培养,2周后镜检。
将上述枯枝在体视镜下用细挑针在其表面挑取多个具完整结构的暗色丝孢菌个体,制成永久性玻片,根据菌株的大小、形态等选择适宜的倍数拍照,用Adobe Photoshop CS6软件和Imag-Pro Plus 5.0软件进行制图及测量,查阅相关书籍、文献对菌株进行属、种的形态学鉴定。
2 结果与分析
2.1 纳米悬刺毛孢Kionochaeta nanophora Kuthub. & Nawawi 1988
菌落疏展,稀疏,褐色至深褐色。菌丝体部分表生,由分枝、光滑、具隔、浅褐色至褐色,宽2.5~4.0 µm的菌丝组成。分生孢子梗有2种类型:(1)粗大,单生,直立,直或稍弯曲,光滑,可达6~12个隔膜,锥形,褐色至黑褐色,最长达250 µm,宽6.5~10.5 µm,刚毛状,顶端浅色,偶在顶端产生短的、不规则分枝的产孢细胞形成可育区域(图1A);(2)较长刚毛状分生孢子梗常伴生短的,直立,直或稍弯曲,光滑,褐色至黑褐色,达2~6个隔膜,大小为62~129 µm×3.5~ 5.5 µm,顶部浅褐色,在顶端以轮生的方式产生一系列紧凑、不规则的短分枝,在其上产生产孢细胞构成可育分枝(图1B)。产孢细胞安瓿形至烧瓶形,最宽2.5~3.0 µm,顶端具一模糊的“围领”结构,宽0.5~1.0 µm。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,无隔膜,光滑,梭形或棒状,大小为4.0~6.0 µm×0.6~1.2 µm(图1)。
研究标本:贵州省习水国家自然保护区(长嵌沟自然保护区);1380.7 m;28°24′42.26″ N,106°09′49.58″ E;未鉴定枯枝;2017年11月28日;HMZNC0426。
本菌株较长刚毛状分生孢子梗在整个生长过程中缺乏紧密、分枝的产孢结构,但顶端可能产生一系列短的不规则分枝的产孢细胞,刚毛状分生孢子梗基部常伴生一种顶端具产孢结构,较短的分生孢子梗。这种典型特征在Kionochaeta目前所报道的14个物种中,仅K. nanophora与本菌株相似,且本菌株的分生孢子大小与K. nanophora的原始描述也相似(4.0~6.0 µm×0.6~1.2 µm vs 5~7 µm×0.8~1.2 µm),同时其他特征与原始描述也基本一致,故将本菌株定为K. nanophora。
K. nanophora国外仅在马来西亚彭亨州有报道,在中国属于首次报道,故将其定为中国新记录种。
2.2 穗状悬刺毛孢Kionochaeta spissa P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton 1986
菌落疏展,稀疏,深褐色至黑褐色。菌丝体部分表生,由光滑、分枝、具隔、浅褐色至褐色,宽2.5~3.5 µm的菌丝组成。分生孢子梗粗大,单生,简单,直立,直或稍弯曲,锥形,光滑,褐色至深褐色,大小为150~280 µm×4.2~5.6 µm,顶端逐渐变浅,宽2.2~3.0 µm,基部膨大,宽6.3~ 8.3 µm。可育分枝着生在分生孢子梗近中部单一位点上,以轮生方式直接产生在2~4个相邻隔膜处下方,组成一系列紧凑、不规则短的分枝,在其上产生产孢细胞。产孢细胞烧瓶形,浅褐色至褐色,大小为5.6~8.0 µm×2.0~3.2 µm,顶端具一不清楚的围领,宽0.9~1.3 µm。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,狭棍棒状至梭形,稍弯曲,大小为3.6~6.4 µm×0.8~1.2 µm,顶端钝圆,基部变细,透明,光滑,无隔膜(图2)。
研究标本:贵州省燕子岩国家级自森林公园;790 m;28°27′51.45″ N,105°44′39.25″ E;未鉴定枯枝;2017年9月19日;HMZNC0356。
本菌株典型特征:分生孢子梗无侧生刚毛状分枝,产胞结构产生在分生孢子梗近中部单一位点上,产孢细胞紧密、无规则排列在分生孢子梗中部,这些特征与K. ivoriensis和K. spissa较为相似。但前者产孢细胞具不明显的柄且较分散,而后者产孢细胞产生在紧密、聚集成一系列分枝上;同时本菌株与后者分生孢子大小(3.6~6.4 µm×0.8~1.2 µm vs 4.5~6.5 µm×l~l.5 µm)也基本一致。故将本菌株定为K. spissa。
K. spissa在日本、印度和肯尼亚有报道,在中国属首次报道,故将其定为中国新记录种。
2.3 荸荠悬刺毛孢Kionochaeta pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi 1988
菌落疏展,稀疏,褐色至暗褐色。菌丝体部分表生在基质上,由分枝、光滑、具隔、浅褐色至褐色的菌丝组成。分生孢子梗粗大,单生,直立,直或稍弯曲,光滑,8~16个隔膜,锥形,褐色至暗褐色,长214~275 µm,基部较宽,深褐色,宽8~25 µm,顶端逐渐变细,浅褐色,宽10~27 µm;侧枝以轮生的方式着生在主轴中下部,3~5根分枝,褐色至暗褐色,锥形,光滑,3~7个隔膜,大小为69~128 µm×3.5~5.5 µm;主轴和侧枝的部分顶端着生一系列不规则、短的分枝,其上产生产孢细胞,从而形成可育区域;可育区域位于侧枝下端,构成紧密,分枝,透明至浅褐色的产孢细胞。产孢细胞安瓿形至烧瓶形,大小为6.5~ 8.5 µm×3.2~4.0 µm,浅褐色至褐色,顶端具有一不明显围领,宽0.8~1.6 µm。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,纺锤形,无色,光滑,无隔膜,大小为5~8 µm×0.8~1.2 µm(图3)。
研究标本:贵州省习水国家自然保护区(长嵌沟自然保护区);1380.7 m;28°24′42.26″ N,106°09′49.58″ E;未鉴定枯枝;2017年11月18日;HMZNC0381。
本菌株的分生孢子梗中下部着生2~5根侧生的刚毛状分枝,主轴和侧枝的部分顶端可育,可育区域位于侧枝下端。这些特征与K. pughii、K. ramifera、K. castaneae和K. keniensis 4个种较相似,K. keniensis的分生孢子具刚毛;而K. ramifera和K. castaneae的分生孢子梗中下部虽然具生的刚毛状分枝,但二者的侧枝的顶端的不育的,而K. pughii分生孢子梗和侧枝的顶端可育,且侧枝可达3~6根。从以上特征可看出,本菌株在形态上与K. pughii十分相似,且分生孢子大小也基本一致(5~8 µm×0.8~1.2 µm vs 5.5~7.0 µm×1~1.2 µm),故将本菌株定为K. pughii。
K. pughii在澳大利亚北昆士兰有报道,在中国香港也有报道,但在中国内地未见报道,因此将其定为大陆新记录种。
2.4 澳洲悬刺毛孢Kionochaeta australiensis Goh & K.D. Hyde 1997
菌落分散,稀疏,褐色。菌丝体部分表生,由分枝、光滑、具隔、浅褐色菌丝组成。分生孢子梗粗大,单生,直立,直或稍弯曲,刚毛状,厚壁,光滑,达15个隔膜,锥形,浅褐色至深褐色,大小为263~277 µm×6.7~8.7 µm,基部略宽,宽7.8~9.4 µm,深褐色,顶端逐渐变细,宽3.0~ 4.5 µm,苍白色,无分枝或从主轴的中部产生单一的刚毛状侧枝,直或稍弯曲,光滑,4~5个隔膜,大小为47~58 µm×6.7~9.7 µm,褐色至深褐色,锥形;可育区域位于主轴近中部,由紧密,近透明至浅褐色、不规则分枝的构成,其上产生产孢细胞。产孢细胞离生,安瓿形或烧瓶型,近透明至透明,5.4~8.2 µm,基部宽2.2~3.3 µm,頂端逐渐变细,宽1.1~1.6 µm。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,椭圆形至纺锤形,透明,光滑,大小为4.4~5.9 µm×1.1~1.4 µm(图4)。
研究標本:贵州省习水国家自然保护区(长嵌沟自然保护区);1380.7 m;28°24′42.26″ N,106°09′49.58″ E;未鉴定枯枝;2017年11月28日;HMZNC0427。
本菌株分生孢子梗中部着生1根侧生的刚毛状分枝,较短,可育区域位于侧枝下端,分生孢子无隔膜,两端无刚毛,这些特征与K. australiensis相似,且分生孢子大小也基本一致(4.4~ 5.9 µm×1.1~1.4 µm vs 4~5 µm×1~1.5 µm),但本菌株与K. australiensis模式种相比有明显的不同,K. australiensis模式种的分生孢子梗主轴和侧枝都具有可育区域,而本菌株可能因为菌株材料较少及发育阶段的原因而未达到产生可育部位,但从分生孢子梗的颜色、长度,侧枝的着生特征,可育区域的位置及分生孢子大小等特征都与K. australiensis模式种相似,因此还是将本种定为K. australiensis。
K. australiensis在澳大利亚有报道,在中国香港见报道,故定为中国大陆新记录种。
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