青钱柳叶的化学成分研究△
2021-12-01李龙宇罗荣华徐明杰伍一炜赵迪潘巧玲金佳怡赵田甜徐暾海郑晓杰姜程曦朱寅荻
李龙宇,罗荣华,徐明杰,伍一炜,赵迪,潘巧玲,金佳怡,赵田甜,徐暾海*,郑晓杰,姜程曦*,朱寅荻
1.北京中医药大学 中药学院,北京 102488;2.温州大学 生命科学研究院,浙江 温州 325035;3.温州医科大学 药学院,浙江 温州 325035;4.温州科技职业学院,浙江 温州 325000
青钱柳Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal)Iljinsk 又名山化树或山麻柳,为胡桃科(Juglandaceae)青钱柳属(Cyclocarya)植物,属于高大乔木,生长于我国安徽、江苏等省。其小叶数量、外形差异极大[1],树叶广泛用于制作保健茶。目前,围绕青钱柳栽培、繁殖、采摘、化学成分、药理作用、产业发展等已有大量的研究。现代研究发现,青钱柳叶的主要化学成分为三萜[2]、多糖[3]、黄酮及其对应的糖苷、酚酸[4]等类,具有降血糖、调血脂、降血压和抗氧化等药理作用[5]。为了更全面地认识青钱柳叶的化学成分,本实验对其乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部位进行研究,采用多种柱色谱方法分离得到10 个化合物,并用核磁共振法(NMR)鉴定其分别为山柰酚(kaempferol,1)、杜仲树脂酚(medioresinol,2)、(+)-松脂醇[(+)-pinoresinol,3]、(+)-表松脂醇[(+)-epipinoresinol,4]、积雪草酸(asiatic acid,5)、山楂酸(maslinic acid,6)、熊果酸(ursolic acid,7)、1α,3β-二羟基-12-齐墩果烯-28-酸(1α,3β-dihydroxy-12-oleanen-28-oic acid,8)、石榴萜酮(punicaone,9)、青钱柳苷Ⅰ(cyclocarioside Ⅰ,10)。其中化合物2~4、8 均为首次从青钱柳属植物中分离得到。各化合物结构见图1。
图1 青钱柳叶中分离得到的化合物1~10结构式
1 材料
青钱柳叶由文成县圣山食品开发有限公司提供,经温州医科大学药学院汪洪副教授鉴定为胡桃科青钱柳属植物青钱柳Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal.)Iljinsk 的叶。样品标本现存于温州医科大学药学院,编号:20180613。
1100 型高效液相色谱仪(美国Agilent 公司);Bruker Avance Ⅲ600 型核磁共振仪(德国Bruker 公司);GF254薄层硅胶板和柱色谱硅胶(100~200 目)均来自青岛海洋化工厂;Pack ODS-A 型半制备色谱柱(250 mm×10 mm,5 μm,日本YMC 公司);D101 大孔吸附树脂(南开大学);Sephadex LH-20(瑞典Amersham Biosciences 公司);C18反相填料(日本YMC 公司);色谱级甲醇(美国Tedia 公司);其余化学试剂均为分析纯(西陇科学股份有限公司);超纯水为实验室自制。
2 提取与分离
取干燥的青钱柳叶(35 kg)切碎,用70%乙醇加热回流提取2 次,滤过后减压回收乙醇,得浸膏3.7 kg,用水分散,分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇各萃取3 次,浓缩后得到石油醚萃取物840 g、乙酸乙酯萃取物789 g、正丁醇萃取物1.1 kg。取正丁醇萃取物,溶解后用D101 型大孔吸附树脂分离,以乙醇(30%~95%)梯度洗脱,将各洗脱部位浓缩、干燥。取75%乙醇部位约100 g,乙醇溶解后与硅胶208 g 拌匀,烘干后上硅胶柱色谱分离,以二氯甲烷-甲醇(100∶0~100∶50)洗脱,得到Fr.Z1~Z12 组分。其中,Fr.Z6 经C18反相柱色谱(30%~100%甲醇)分离,得到的各组分分别反复经Sephadex LH-20和HPLC分离纯化,得到化合物1~5。Fr.Z3 经过C18反相柱色谱(30%~100%甲醇),将70%甲醇洗脱部位合并,再用硅胶柱色谱分离,以二氯甲烷-甲醇(100∶40~100∶100)洗脱,将二氯甲烷-甲醇(100∶40~100∶45)部位合并,再用Sephadex LH-20分离得12个组分,将4~8号组分用HPLC进行制备,得到化合物6~9。Fr.Z5经C18反相柱色谱,以甲醇(30%~100%)梯度洗脱,将60%~80%甲醇洗脱部位合并,上C18反相柱色谱,以同样溶剂洗脱,每250 mL 收集1 瓶,在80%甲醇洗脱部位第六、七瓶析出固体,抽滤,保留固体成分即为化合物10。
3 结构鉴定
化合物1:黄色粉末,分子式为C15H10O6。核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)(600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:6.21(1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-6),6.42 (1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-8),6.93(2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-3′,5′),8.11 (2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-2′,6′)。其氢谱数据与文献报道基本一致[6],故鉴定化合物1为山柰酚。
化合物2:白色粉末;分子式为C21H24O7。1HNMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:6.68 (2H,s,H-2′,6′),6.79 (1H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-5),6.84 (1H,dd,J=1.8,8.4 Hz,H-6),6.98 (1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-2),4.74 (2H,d,J=4.2 Hz,H-7,7′),3.88 (3H,s,3-OMe),3.87 (6H,s,3′,5′-OMe),3.87 (2H,m,H-9a,9′a),3.15 (2H,m,H-8,8′),4.25(2H,m,H-9b,9′b);13C-NMR(150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:55.5 (C-3′-OMe),55.7 (C-5′-OMe),56.9(C-8,8′),56.5 (C-3-OMe),72.9 (C-9′),72.8 (C-9),87.7 (C-7),87.9 (C-7′),104.6 (C-2′,6′),111.1 (C-2),116.2 (C-5),120.2 (C-6),130.1 (C-1′),133.3 (C-1),133.9 (C-4′),147.5 (C-4),149.5 (C-3′,5′),149.2 (C-3)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[7-8],故鉴定化合物2为杜仲树脂酚。
化合物3:白色粉末,分子式为C20H22O6。1HNMR(600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:6.97(2H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-2,2′),3.83 (2H,m,H-8,8′),6.80 (2H,dd,J=1.8,8.4 Hz,H-6,6′),3.85 (6H,s,3,3′-OCH3),6.76 (2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-5,5′),4.23 (2H,m,H-9a,9′a),4.70(2H,d,J=4.2 Hz,H-7,7′);13C-NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:133.9 (C-1,1′),111.1 (C-2,2′),149.3 (C-3,3′),56.5 (3,3′-OCH3),147.5 (C-4,4′),116.2 (C-5,5′),120.2 (C-6,6′),87.7 (C-7,7′),55.6 (C-8,8′),72.8(C-9,9′)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[8-9],故鉴定化合物3为(+)-松脂醇。
化合物4:白色粉末,分子式为C20H22O6。1HNMR(600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:6.94(1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-2),6.96(1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-2′),6.76(1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-5),6.79 (1H,d,J=1.2 Hz,H-5′),6.80 (1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-6′),6.81 (1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-6),4.41 (1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-7),4.85 (1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-7′),2.93(1H,m,H-8) 3.38 (1H,m,H-8′),3.78 (1H,m,H-9′a),4.10 (1H,d,J=9.6 Hz,H-9a),3.84 (3H,s,3′-OCH3),3.85 (3H,s,3-OCH3),3.83 (1H,m,H-9b),3.18 (1H,m,H-9′b);13C-NMR(150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:134.0(C-1),131.5 (C-1′),111.0 (C-2),110.7 (C-2′),149.3 (C-3),149.0 (C-3′),147.6 (C-4),146.8 (C-4′),116.2 (C-5),116.1 (C-5′),120.4 (C-6),119.5 (C-6′),89.7 (C-7),83.7 (C-7′),55.9 (C-8),51.5 (C-8′),72.2 (C-9),70.8(C-9′),56.5 (3,3-OCH3)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[9-10],故鉴定化合物4为(+)-表松脂醇。
化合物5:白色粉末,分子式为C30H48O5。1HNMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:0.78 (3H,s,H-27),0.84(3H,s,H-26),0.88 (3H,d,J=6.6 Hz,H-30),0.96(3H,d,J=4.8 Hz,H-29),1.02 (6H,s,H-24),1.13(3H,s,H-25),2.20 (1H,d,J=11.4 Hz,H-18),3.52(1H,d,J=10.8 Hz,H-3),3.87 (3H,m,H-2,3),5.24(1H,t,J=3.6 Hz,H-12);13C-NMR(150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:17.6(C-24),17.8(C-25),17.9(C-30),18.0(C-29),19.1 (C-6),181.9 (C-28),21.8 (C-26),24.4 (C-27),24.6 (C-11),25.5 (C-21),29.3 (C-16),32.0 (C-15),33.8(C-7),38.3(C-22),39.3(C-10),40.6(C-19,20),41.0 (C-8),42.5 (C-4),42.7 (C-14),43.6 (C-17),44.4 (C-5),49.8 (C-9),54.5 (C-18),67.4 (C-2),71.5(C-23),78.9(C-3),126.9(C-12),139.9(C-13)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[10],故鉴定化合物5为积雪草酸。
化合物6:白色粉末,分子式为C30H48O4。1HNMR (600 MHz,C5D5N)δ:1.02(3H,s,H-30),0.96(3H,s,H-29),1.28 (3H,s,H-27),1.04 (3H,s,H-26),1.00(3H,s,H-25),1.10(3H,s,H-24),1.39(3H,s,H-23),2.28(2H,dd,J=12.6,4.2 Hz,H-1),4.13(2H,m,H-2),3.42 (2H,d,J=9.6 Hz,H-3),1.06 (1H,s,H-5),5.45 (1H,t,J=4.2 Hz,H-12),3.32 (1H,dd,J=14.4,4.2 Hz,H-18);13C-NMR (150 MHz,C5D5N)δ:180.7(C-28),145.3 (C-13),122.9 (C-12),84.2 (C-3),69.0(C-2),56.3 (C-5),48.6 (C-9),48.2 (C-1),47.1 (C-17),46.8 (C-19),42.6 (C-14),42.4 (C-18),40.3 (C-4),40.2 (C-8),38.9 (C-10),34.6 (C-21),33.7 (C-29),33.6(C-7,22),31.4(C-20),29.8(C-23),28.7(C-15),26.6 (C-27),24.3 (C-16),24.2 (C-30),24.1 (C-11),19.3 (C-6),18.1 (C-24),17.9 (C-26),17.3 (C-25)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[11],故鉴定化合物6为山楂酸。
化合物7:白色粉末,分子式为C30H48O3。1HNMR (600 MHz,C5D5N)δ:1.27 (1H,s,H-27),1.25(1H,s,H-23),1.08 (1H,s,H-25),1.05 (1H,s,H-30),1.02 (1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-24),0.97 (1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-29),0.91 (1H,s,H-26),5.52 (1H,t,J=3.6 Hz,H-12),3.49 (1H,dd,J=10.8,5.4 Hz,H-3),2.67 (1H,d,J=11.4 Hz,H-18);13C-NMR (150 MHz,C5D5N)δ:180.4(C-28),139.7(C-13),126.0(C-12),78.5(C-3),56.2 (C-5),54.0 (C-18),48.5 (C-9),48.4 (C-17),42.9 (C-14),40.4 (C-8),39.9 (C-20),39.8 (C-19),39.8 (C-4),39.5 (C-1),37.9 (C-22),37.7 (C-10),34.0 (C-7),31.5 (C-21),29.2 (C-15),29.1 (C-23),28.6 (C-2),25.3 (C-16),24.3 (C-27),24.0 (C-11),21.8 (C-30),19.2 (C-6),18.0 (C-29),17.9 (C-26),17.0(C-24),16.1(C-25)。其谱学数据与文献报道一致[12-13],故鉴定化合物7为熊果酸。
化合物8:白色粉末,分子式为C30H48O4。1HNMR (600 MHz,C5D5N)δ:5.58 (1H,t,J=3.6 Hz,H-12),4.41(1H,dd,J=12.0,4.8 Hz,H-3),3.35(dd,J=13.8,4.8 Hz,H-1),2.97 (1H,dd,J=11.4,6.6 Hz,H-19);1.02(3H,s,H-30),0.95 (3H,s,H-29),1.36 (3H,s,H-27),1.13 (3H,s,H-26),1.02 (3H,s,H-25),1.13(3H,s,H-24),1.37(3H,s,H-23);13C-NMR(150 MHz,C5D5N)δ:180.7 (C-28),145.1 (C-13),123.3 (C-12),73.1 (C-3),72.1 (C-1),49.0 (C-5),47.1 (C-19),47.0(C-17),43.1 (C-14),42.5 (C-18),41.9 (C-10),40.1(C-8),40.0 (C-4),38.8 (C-9),36.2 (C-2),34.6 (C-21),33.7 (C-28),33.6 (C-22),33.5 (C-7),31.4 (C-20),29.3 (C-23),28.9 (C-15),26.7 (C-27),24.2 (C-16),24.2(C-30),24.0(C-11),19.2(C-6),18.0(C-26),16.9(C-24,25)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[14],故鉴定化合物8为1α,3β-二羟基-12-齐墩果烯-28-酸。
化合物9:淡黄色粉末,分子式为C30H48O4。1HNMR(600 MHz,C5D5N)δ:6.63(1H,d,J=10.2 Hz,H-1),6.05 (1H,d,J=10.2 Hz,H-2),5.59 (1H,dd,J=4.5,3.0 Hz,H-12),3.70 (1H,d,J=10.8 Hz,H-25),3.62 (1H,d,J=10.8 Hz,H-25),2.55 (1H,dd,J=11.4,5.4 Hz,H-9),1.30 (3H,s,H-24),1.20 (3H,s,H-23),1.13(3H,s,H-26),1.06(3H,s,H-27),1.00(3H,s,H-29),0.94 (3H,s,H-30);13C-NMR (150 MHz,C5D5N)δ:206.8 (C-3),180.7 (C-28),154.0 (C-1),144.1(C-13),127.1(C-2),124.3(C-12),69.9(C-25),48.4 (C-10),47.3 (C-17),46.4 (C-19),45.5 (C-5),42.9 (C-4),42.9 (C-18),42.6 (C-14),40.5 (C-8),39.2 (C-9),34.7 (C-21),33.7 (C-29),33.5 (C-7),32.9 (C-22),31.3 (C-20),28.7 (C-15),27.1 (C-11),26.1 (C-23),24.2 (C-27),24.1 (C-16),19.5 (C-6),18.8(C-30),17.9(C-26),16.8(C-24)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[15-16],故鉴定化合物9为石榴萜酮。
化合物10:白色粉末,分子式为C40H70O12,1HNMR (600 MHz,C5D5N)δ:5.53 (1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-1′ of arabinos),5.05 (1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-1′′ of quinovos),4.18 (1H,t,J=9.0 Hz,H-3′′ of quinovos),3.03 (1H,m,Ha-1),2.92 (1H,dt,J=12.6,4.2 Hz,Ha-11),1.61 (3H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-6′′),1.08 (3H,s,H-18),1.42 (3H,s,H-19),1.18 (3H,s,H-21),1.45(3H,s,H-26),1.37 (3H,s,H-27),0.95 (3H,s,H-28),1.28 (3H,s,H-29),0.72 (3H,s,H-30);13C-NMR(150 MHz,C5D5N)δ:87.0 (C-20),84.7 (C-24),79.7(C-3),77.3 (C-12),71.7 (C-25),54.5 (C-9),51.4 (C-5),50.6 (C-14),49.6 (C-17),42.0 (C-8),41.5 (C-13),40.5 (C-10),38.4 (C-4),36.8 (C-7),36.1 (C-1),35.0(C-11),34.4 (C-22),32.1 (C-15),30.5 (C-29),28.3(C-27),27.3(C-2),26.8(C-23),26.3(C-26),25.0(C-21),23.4 (C-28),21.8 (C-16),18.8 (C-6),17.5 (C-18),17.3 (C-30),17.2 (C-19),3-O-arabinos 糖基的数据 为δ:106.8 (C-1′),84.5 (C-2′),79.8 (C-3′),86.1(C-4′),63.4 (C-5′);12-O-quinovos 糖基的数据为δ:101.9 (C-1′′),76.0 (C-2′′),78.8 (C-3′′),79.8 (C-4′′),73.2(C-5′′),19.1(C-6′′)。其波谱数据与文献报道基本一致[17],故鉴定化合物10为青钱柳苷Ⅰ。
4 讨论
对青钱柳活性成分的报道多集中在多糖、三萜上,本实验从青钱柳叶乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部位分离鉴定了10 个化合物,其中有6 个三萜类和3个木脂素类化合物,其中1个三萜类和3个木脂素类化合物为首次从青钱柳属植物中分离得到,扩大了对青钱柳化学成分多样性的认识,为青钱柳活性成分的研究和进一步开发利用提供了参考。