括约肌间瘘管结扎术与黏膜瓣推移术治疗复杂性肛瘘的临床疗效比较
2021-09-30樊鹏徐红丽王凯马冲
樊鹏 徐红丽 王凯 马冲
[關键词] 复杂性肛瘘;括约肌间结扎术;黏膜瓣推移术;肛门直肠瘘
[中图分类号] R657.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)16-0075-04
Comparison of the clinical effects of intersphincteric fistula ligation and mucosal flap advancement in the treatment of complex anal fistula
FAN Peng XU Hongli WANG Kai MA Chong
Department of Colorectal Hernia Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the postoperative effectiveness of intersphincteric fistula ligation and mucosal flap advancement in the treatment of complex anal fistulas. Methods A total of 95 patients who underwent complex anal fistula surgery in our hospital from October 2017 to September 2019 were collected and divided into two groups. The LIFT group (53 cases) was treated with intersphincter ligation, and the ERAF group underwent transanorectal mucosal transfer surgery. The operation time, postoperative pain VAS score and postoperative wound healing time were compared between the two groups. The postoperative effectiveness between the two surgical methods was evaluated. Results The operation time and postoperative wound healing time of the ERAF group were longer than those of the LIFT group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). The postoperative VAS score of the ERAF group was lower than that of the LIFT group (P=0.000). In the LIFT group, 49 cases were effective and 4 cases were ineffective, with an effective rate of 92.45%. In the ERAF group, 39 cases were effective and 3 cases were ineffective, with the total of effective rate of 92.86%. There was no statistically significant comparison of the effective rates of the two surgical methods at 3 months after operation(P>0.05). The postoperative effective rate of the two surgical methods was not statistically significant(P>0.05). In the LIFT group, 50 cases were followed up three months after the operation, of which 44 cases were effective, 6 cases were ineffective, and the total of effective rate was 88.00%. In the ERAF group, 39 cases were followed up effectively, of which 33 cases were effective, and 6 cases were ineffective, and the total of effective rate was 84.62%. There was no statistically significant difference in the effective rates of the two surgical methods at three months after operation(P>0.05). Conclusion Both LIFT and ERAF for complex anal fistula surgery can achieve a good curative effect.
[Key words] Complex anal fistula; Intersphincter ligation; Mucosal flap advancement; Anorectal fistula
肛门直肠瘘是好发于男性的一种良性病变,通常由于肛周脓肿导致异常通道在直肠下端或肛门周边形成,严重影响患者的生活质量[1]。临床上通常将其分为单纯性与复杂性,复杂性肛门直肠瘘一般指病变存在2个以上的内或外瘘口,并且含有数量>2个的瘘管或支管[2]。对于复杂性肛瘘的治疗主要依靠手术治疗,目前临床广泛应用由Rojanasakul[3]提出的括约肌间瘘管结扎术(Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract,LIFT)进行治疗,并取得了良好的疗效。其他保留肛门的术式还有黏膜瓣推移术(Endoanal advancement flap,ERAF)、干细胞填充、肛瘘镜视频辅助等疗法。由于手术方式多样,对于不同的患者选用更加合理的手术方式尤为重要,本研究旨在对括约肌间瘘管结扎术与经肛门直肠黏膜瓣推移术治疗复杂性肛瘘的临床效果进行分析,为复杂性肛瘘的手术方式选择提供参考,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2017年10月至2019年9月在我院行复杂性肛瘘手术治疗的患者95例,所有患者均在术前获得知情同意,术前向所有患者充分说明两种手术的手术方式及细节,施行何种手术方式由患者自愿选择。纳入标准:所入选患者均符合复杂性肛瘘的诊断标准[4],并且处于临床炎症静止期,且内或外瘘口数量大于等于2个,病程≥3个月。排除标准[5]:排除伴有严重全身慢性疾病、克罗恩病、结核病、肠道恶性肿瘤等患有其他肠道疾病影响肛瘘治疗的患者,排除精神性疾病,妊娠等不宜施行肛瘘手术者。根据手术方式的不同将入选患者分为两组,LIFT组(n=53),采用括约肌间瘘管结扎术,其中男42例,女11例,平均年龄(33.25±6.52)岁,平均病程(3.02±0.27)年。ERAF组(n=42)采用经肛门直肠黏膜瓣推移术,其中男30例,女12例,平均年龄(35.78±6.80)岁,平均病程(2.84±0.25)年。两组的性別、年龄、病程比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
LIFT组:麻醉生效,采用侧卧位,消毒铺单,扩张肛门后对瘘道进行充分的探查,定位内口与外口,由外口探入探针至内口,经瘘管上方于探针引导下沿肛缘括约肌间沟作一大小约为1.5~2.0 cm 的弧形切口,小心分离括约肌间内的瘘管,并尽可能的减少对周围组织的损伤,将瘘管逐步分离至裸化,将其结扎,两段结扎处之间剪断瘘管,内括约肌平面切除瘘管,外口切除并行窦道搔刮,创面通畅引流[5]。
ERAF组:麻醉生效,扩张肛门后对瘘道进行充分的探查,定位内口与外口,围绕瘘口做顶底之比约为1∶2的“U”字切口,瘘口下方约0.5 cm做切口标记切开并牵拉黏膜层向深部游离,推移瓣的厚度包括黏膜、黏膜下层和环形肌层,游离推移瓣完成后将推移瓣覆盖于肛瘘内口,并进行间断缝合,瘘管较大者留置引流[6]。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
观察两组患者的手术时间,术后疼痛VAS评分及术后创面愈合时间,并评价两种手术方式术后的有效率。VAS评分使用长10 cm的游动标尺,“0”分端为无痛,“10”分端为难以忍受的剧烈疼痛。医师根据患者标出的位置评出分数[6]。疗效评估:临床疼痛、排便困难等症状完全消失,瘘口与切口愈合良好消失判定为痊愈。临床症状减轻,瘘口与切口基本愈合判定为好转。临床症状无缓解或加重,瘘口与切口愈合不良或不愈合判定为无效。痊愈+好转判定为有效,并术后随访3个月[7],有效率=(治愈+好转)例数/总例数×100%。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组手术资料比较
ERAF组的手术时间与术后创面的愈合时间高于LIFT组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。ERAF组VAS评分低于LIFT组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。见表1。
2.2 两组术后有效率比较
LIFT组术后有效49例,无效4例,总有效率为92.45%;ERAF组术后有效39例,无效3例,总有效率为92.86%,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组术后3个月有效率比较
LIFT组术后3个月有效随访50例,有44例,无效6例,总有效率为88.00%;ERAF组术后有效随访39例,有效33例,无效3例,总有效率为84.62%,两种手术方式的术后3个月有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
3 讨论
肛门直肠瘘在肛肠外科中极为常见,多因肛周脓肿继发而来,占肛肠疾病的5.88%,并且多发于男性,其与男性的腺体分泌相对女性较为旺盛有关[8-9]。单纯性肛瘘通过挂线疗法等均能取得良好的疗效,对于复杂性肛瘘的治疗,目前临床一般采用手术治疗为主,但是考虑到术中操作对肛门括约肌的影响,一般又分为对切开肛门括约肌和保留肛门括约肌两大类,但肛瘘的手术重点均是处理局部的感染,瘘道的处理以及对肛门功能的最大限度的保留[10-11]。对于复杂性肛瘘的手术方式多样,但目前随着生活质量的不断提高,肛瘘的患者与医生更加倾向于保留肛门括约肌或对肛门功能影响较小的手术方式。
LIFT通过结扎阻断内瘘口与瘘管之间的连接,即使克罗恩病肛瘘亦可应用此法。国内研究表明,应用此法治疗复杂性肛瘘的有效率可达90%[12]。Kontovounisios等[13]的荟萃分析表明,19项回顾性分析的759例肛瘘患者,通过LIFT治疗后的有效率在51%~94%之间,有效率随着随访时间,个体因素等影响而变化。国内的Mate分析显示,此法对于肛瘘的治疗总有效率约为71%[14],并且术后患者肛门功能保留完好。本研究LIFT术后有效率为92.45%,术后3个月总有效率为88.00%,与国内外研究的有效率相似,这也与我院注重术后感染与护理相关。LIFT手术创面相对较小,愈合较快,患者易耐受术后疼痛,最为重要的是可以有效的保护术后的括约肌功能[15]。研究发现LIFT失败因素主要因为分支瘘管的存在,以及既往多次肛肠手术病史,较高的体脂率与瘘管的长度过长(>3 cm)均能导致术后的高失败率。但LIFT自2007由Rojanasakul[3]首次报道之后,经过长期临床的观察与手术方式的改进,经LIFT治疗复杂性肛瘘均能取得良好的效果,应在术前尽可能的避免失败危险因素。
ERAF是对肛门括约肌完全保留的术式,Zwiep等[16]表明应用此法在肛瘘的治疗中可以取得66%~87%的有效率,但是复发的患者通过再次的ERAF手术易能再次恢复手术的成功率[17]。国内学者利用此法治疗38例复杂性肛瘘的患者,最长随访时间2年,有效率可达79%,肛门功能异常发生率为8%[18]。Osterkamp等[19]研究表明如果单纯利用黏膜推移覆盖内瘘口而不对瘘管进行处理,并不能很好的控制术后复发率。本研究进行ERAF手术的患者42例,术后总有效率为92.86%,术后3个月总有效率为84.62%,说明ERAF手术法短期内的术后有效率可观,但仍需对选用此法的患者进行长期的临床随访。本次研究LIFT组患者术后疼痛VAS评分高于ERAF组,差异有统计学意义。此外ERAF术式对手术医生要求较高,若手术过程中不能将黏膜瓣及肌瓣成功剥离,后期会造成黏膜瓣感染甚至坏死,从而导致瘘道内口损伤加剧,对患者造成更大的伤害[20-22]。Uribe等[23]认为此法对于复杂性肛瘘的患者远期有效率存在着争议,但在直肠黏膜推移之后确实可以快速的消除局部感染。
综上所述,LIFT与ERAF对于复杂性肛瘘短期内均可取得良好的疗效,两种手术方式都能有效地保留术后患者的肛门括约肌的功能,但两种手术方式的失败因素多样,因此,对于患者术前选择何种手术方式应做到全面的考虑。肛瘘的手术方式多种多样,应对不同的患者选择最为合适的手术方式。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-28)