过去分词易错用法盘点

黄月辉

在高中英语语法中，非谓语动词是个难点。在高考考查的重点中，对于过去分词的考查令广大考生极为头疼。其中考生对于过去分词及其后宾语间的逻辑关系的考查更是错误频出。

例如下面一题：

          in white uniform， he looked more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed        B. To dress

C. Dressing      D. Having dressed

答案為A。

很多同学首先知道选择的关键是看主语he与动词dress的逻辑关系，虽然多次强调dress一词有两个必记结构：be dressed in， dress oneself in，但是一方面很多同学仍然习惯性地根据句子的汉语意思来选择答案，因此会理解为“他穿着白色制服”，根据汉语“他”和“穿着”之间的主谓关系，从而忽略dress的特殊之处，即 dress与人实际上是动宾关系，从而选择了错误答案C。另一个做出错误选择的原因是有些同学虽然被动地记住固定表达be dressed in， dress oneself in，但其实没有真正理解dressed是表示状态而是不强调过去分词的被动之意。

错误原因：

1. 分不清楚名词与动词是主动关系还是被动关系，往往根据动词的汉语意思来想当然地选择答案。

2. 对于过去分词考查难点的知识掌握不牢固，未能深入且真正地理解。

解决办法：

首先，在学习这些特殊词时，要仔细查阅词典，揣摩词典例句，彻底理解这类词的用法。以dress 为例，查阅牛津高阶英汉双语词典便可得知：dress表示 “穿衣服”之意时，可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词，结构为： dress （sb.） （in sth.）。 例如词典中例句：

I dressed quickly. （此句中dress为不及物动词）

She dressed herself and the children in their best clothes. （此句中dress为及物动词，后面接人作宾语而不是衣服类词语）

dress的及物动词用法是出题的热点， 汉语意思为“给（某人）穿衣服”。考查学生对dress与其后的宾语（人）的被动关系。类似的词有seat， lose， locate， absorb， expose， devote， engage， occupy， fix， involve， trap， bury， face， equip等。要想掌握好这些词的用法，一定要牢记和理解下面的固定结构：seat oneself at / in “使某人坐在……”，be seated at / in “某人坐在……”;lose oneself in （to sth.） “使沉迷于;使专心致志于……”，be lost in（to the world） “某人专心致志于……（全神贯注于某事而不注意周围的事情）”;locate sth. in / at “把……安置在或建造于……”，be located

in / at“位于……;坐落于……”;absorb oneself in “使全神贯注……”，be absorbed in “被……吸引住;专心致志;全神贯注……”;expose oneself to“使面临或遭受（危险或不快）……”，be exposed to “面临着……，遭受着……”; devote oneself to “使某人自己致力于或专心于……”，be devoted to “致力于或专心于……”;engage oneself in “使从事;使参加……”，be engaged in“忙于;从事于……”; occupy oneself in doing / with “使忙于（做某事）……”，be occupied in doing /with“（某人）忙于（做某事）……”;fix one's eyes / attention on “集中（目光、注意力等）”，be fixed on “（目光、注意力等）被集中于……”;involve oneself in“使参加，加入……”，be involved in “参与，与……有关联”;trap oneself in “使落入险境，使陷入困境……”，be trapped in “陷入险境，困境……”;bury oneself in“使专心致志于……”，be buried in“某人专心致志于……”;equip oneself with “使配备，使装备”，be equipped with “某人具备着……”;face oneself with “使某人面临着……”， be faced with “某人面临着……”;hide oneself in / at... “使自己躲在……”，be hidden  in / at “某人/物躲在……”;convince oneself of / that... “使确信，使相信……”，be convinced of / that... “某人确信，深信……”;concern oneself about“使某人担忧……”，be concerned about “对……担心、忧虑”。

以上结构每一组的第一个固定表达形式都是动宾结构，第二个都是被动形式，而且表示状态而不表示被动含义。另外be determined to， be based on， be caught in， be stuck in， be intended to do / for， be born in...等固定形式也用过去分词表示状态。

因此，做這类题的判断方法是：如果这些词后面有宾语则一定是“oneself ”即人或固定的特殊宾语“eyes， attention”等;如果是被动形式，过去分词后一定是介词，而没有名词或代词。例如：

In the reading room， we found her          at a desk， with her attention          on a book.

A. fitting; fixing B. sitting; to be fixed

C. seated; fixed    D. sit; fixed

观察选项和题干后，大家可以看到第一个空后有at而没有可作宾语的名词或代词，因此可选seated或者sitting。结合我们掌握的两个句型seat oneself at / in， be seated at / in便可确定答案。第二个空也是如此则可断定考查be fixed on的固定语法。

其次，同学们要切记运用英语时一定要摆脱英汉翻译式的解题方法。而是要根据所学到的相关知识点来判断。例如，seat oneself at / in 意为“使某人坐在……”，而不是“某人坐在……”。

总之，要克服非谓语动词这一易错点，同学们只要牢固掌握知识，同时训练英语式思维，最后通过练习检查巩固，就一定可以掌握好这类动词的过去分词用法。

【牛刀小试】

1. When          to danger and conflict， men tend to increase blood pressure，          nervous and anxious.

A. exposed; felt B. exposed; feeling

C. exposing; feeling D. exposing; felt

2. Ladies and gentlemen， please remain          until the plane has come to a complete stop.

A. seated    B. seating

C. to seat    D. seat

3. They were so deeply          in this matter that they found it hard to pull out.

A. involving  B. being involved

C. to involve    D. involved

4.          about his own safety， Peter put a card on the back of his car reading “Caution—Newly Licensed.”

A. Having concerned

B. Concerning

C. Concerned

D. Being concerned

5.          in her most beautiful skirt， the girl tried to make herself          at the party.

A. Dressed; noticed

B. Dressing; noticed

C. Dressed; noticing

D. Dressing; being noticed

6. Ideally          for Broadway theatre and Fifth Avenue， the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests.

A. locating

B. being located

C. having been located

D. located

7. At least 203 miners were killed， 22          and 13          in the coal mine gas explosion on Monday afternoon in Fuxin.

A. injuring; trapping

B. injured; trapped

C. injured; trapping

D. injuring; trapped

8. The programme was so          that the children kept their eyes          on the screen.

A. exciting; fixed  B. exciting; fixing

C. excited; fixed  D. excited; fixing

9.          to his research work， the professor cared little about any other things.

A. Devoting    B. Devoted

C. Having devoted D. To devote

10.          with difficult situation， the president decided to ask his advisors for some good advice.

A. Having faced  B. Face

C. Faced          D. To have faced

11.          with a camera， a compass and a GPS， the 18 students set out to make a study tour to Huangshan Mountain.

A. Equipping    B. Having equipped

C. Equipped      D. Being equipped

12. When he came back three hours later， they were still sitting on the sofa，          in conversation.

A. absorbing      B. absorbed

C. to absorb    D. to be absorbed

13.          true events， the film follows the life of Braddock， a boxer in New York.

A. Based on    B. Basing on

C. Being based on D. Having based on

14. It is reported that some wild animals were found          in a big cave in the mountain.

A. to hide dead    B. hidden dead

C. hiding dead    D. hidden death

15. In April， thousands of holidaymakers remained          abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

A. sticking        B. to be stuck

C. stuck    D. to have stuck

16.          that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis， people are optimistic about the future of the country.

A. Convincing    B. Convinced

C. To convince D. Having convinced

17. He was so          in expanding his business that he nearly forgot he had a family.

A. engaged    B. being engaged

C. having engaged D. engaging

18. Have you heard of it？ Firefighters rushed into a burning house， three of them unfortunately          in and          their lives.

A. caught; losing  B. catching; lost

C. caught; lost    D. catching; losing

19. The rich only          themselves in making money and had no eye for the needs and welfare of their workers.

A. devoted    B. occupied

C. enjoyed      D. concerned

20.          herself in her studies， Jenny was completely lost to the outside world.

A. Buried          B. Being buried

C. Burying      D. Having buried

21.          in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing          B. Having lost

C. Lost        D. To lose

22. The residents approve of the measures          so far in our city，          to bring a sharp rise in oil prices.

A. having been taken; intended

B. to be taken; intending

C. taken; to intend

D. taken; intended