过去分词用法归纳

耿让

一、基本形式

过去分词的基本形式是“动词+ ed”，但也可以有不规则的形式。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则，要逐个记住。过去分词一般只有一种形式，但少数过去分词有两种不同的形式。如：

born 生， borne负担，生

got 得到，gotten得到的

hung悬挂，hanged绞死

lit燃着，lighted燃着的

rotted被腐烂，rotten腐烂的

struck被打击，stricken被打击的

sunk陷下，sunken陷下的

二、语法意义

1. 由及物动词构成的过去分词通常表示被动和完成的意义。如：

the injured worker = the worker who had been injured

2. 少数具有持续意义的动词的过去分词只有被动意义，无完成意义。这类动词一般做定语用。如：

Both spoken English and written English are very important.

3. 由不及物動词构成的过去分词不含被动的意义，只含主动的完成意义。

the risen sun = the sun that has risen

4. 过去分词的否定式通常是由 not加过去分词构成的。

三、句法功能

过去分词在句中可以做表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。

做表语

过去分词做表语时，说明主语所处的状态。如：

The boy became very interested in science. 这孩子对科学很感兴趣。

The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。

注意：

1. 过去分词做表语，相当于形容词，常见的有：delighted， disappointed， discouraged， drunk， puzzled， married， satisfied， surprised， interested， worried， tired， crowded 等。

2. 有些过去分词用做表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动语态。

被动结构表示动作，句子的主语为动作的对象;系表结构则说明主语所处的状态，其中的过去分词已形容词化。因此被动语态可以有各种时态，而系表结构中的be只有一般和完成时态。如：

The children were dressed and taken out for a walk.  （被动）

The children were well dressed. （系表）

I tapped the window and the door was opened. （被动）

When I came， the door was opened. （系表）

做定语

做定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面（前置定语）;过去分词短语做定语，则放在被修饰词的后面（后置定语）。如：

This is a broken car. 这是一辆破车。

This is a book written by a worker. 这是一本工人写的书。

做宾语补足语

做宾语补足语的过去分词说明宾语的状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。如：

They prefer the books mailed to them. 他们希望把书邮寄给他们。

I often hear the song sung in English. 我常听人用英语唱这首歌。

做状语

过去分词或过去分词短语做状语，修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示原因、时间、条件和方式等。

1. 表示原因。如：

Built of steel， this machine has a greater strength. 由于这台机器是用钢造的，它具有更大的强度。

2. 表示时间。如：

Seen from the hill， the park looks very beautiful.  从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。

3. 表示条件。如：

Given more time， we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。

4. 表示方式。如：

The children headed toward school， followed by their dogs. 孩子们朝学校走去，后面跟着他们的狗。

注意：

⑴ 名词化的过去分词

某些过去分词前可带定冠词做名词用，表示具有这种动作或状态的人或物。这种结构实际上可以看作是过去分词做定语时省略了名词的结果。如 the wounded （soldiers）， the exploited （people） 等。这种结构在句子中可以做主语和宾语。如：

The nurses are taking care of the wounded. 护士们正在护理伤员。

The handicapped need our help. 残疾人需要我们的帮助。

⑵ 过去分词的独立结构

过去分词与其主语可构成一种独立结构。过去分词的独立主语常由名词或代词主格担任，一般置于过去分词之前。过去分词的独立结构常用作状语。如：

She lay on her back， her hands crossed under her head. 她臉朝上，头枕着手躺着。

过去分词是一种非限定性动词，其兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。

I. 单项填空：

1. The bridge           ， the people           both sides of the river were wild with joy.

A. having completed; living

B. completed; living

C. completed; lived

D. had completed; living

2. A metal           uranium gives off a kind of radiation.

A. calling      B. called

C. is called      D. which is calling

3. “Things           never come back again！” I couldn't help saying to myself.

A. losing      B. to lose

C. have lost      D. lost

4. Excuse me， but it's time to have your tem- perature           .

A. taken      B. taking

C. to be taken    D. take

5.           of plastics， the machines are light in weight.

A. To make    B. Having made

C. Made        D. Being made

6. The boy lay on his back， with his hand           on his breast.

A. clench      B. clenched

C. to clench      D. clenching

7. The book           on this subject was written by a young writer.

A. referring    B. referred

C. referring to    D. referred to

8. Mary had her brother Tom           the cups， but he had them           .

A. wash; washed B. washing; washed

C. to wash; wash D. washed; washed

9. The man           in a shop was sent to the police station.

A. who caught stealing

B. to be caught stealing

C. caught to steal

D. caught stealing

10. In spite of his broken English， he can make himself           .

A. understood    B. understanding

C. understand  D. to understand

11. The speech was very           ， and we were           to tears.

A. moved; moved B. moving; moving

C. moving; moved D. moved; moving

12. The poor man，           ， ran out of the dark cave.

A. trembled and frightened

B. trembling and frightened

C. trembling and frightening

D. trembled and frightening

13. Mr. Green sat at the door of the room with his legs           .

A. cross        B. across

C. crossed      D. crossing

14. Unless           to speak， you should remain silent at the conference.

A. to invite      B. invited

C. being invited  D. inviting

15.           in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing      B. Having lost

C. Lost      D. To lose

II. 改错：

1. Entering the meeting room， he found all the parents already seat there.

2. We were told to have our reading room cleaning after school.

3. The disc， digitally having recorded in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.

4. It shamed to me to say it， but I told a lie when questioning at the meeting by my boss.

5. The murder was brought in， with his hands being tied behind his back.

6. Leaving playing football on the playground， the boys felt very happy.

III. 完成句子。（根据括号中的汉语意思）

1. The teacher came in，                                 （后面跟着一群孩子们）.

2.                                 （生长在乡下），  he was not familiar with the life of the city.

3. The boy rushed into the classroom，                                 （满脸是汗）.

4.                                 （如果时间多些）， he could do it much better.

5.                                 （在他脸上吃惊的表情） suggested that he hadn't expected it.

6. Most of the friends                                 （被邀請参加生日晚会的） were his classmates.

7.                                 （从小山坡上看）， our school looks very beautiful.

8. The film，                                 （十年前拍摄的）， is still popular now.

9. This is the novel                                 （由年青的女作家写的）.

10.                                 （及时送到了医院）， the drown boy was saved at last.