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英语写作技巧

2021-06-30

阅读与作文(英语高中版) 2021年5期
关键词:语态原句词组

Here are ten ways to produce more vivid (生动的), direct, concise (简洁的) composition by choosing fewer words and well organized sentences. But conciseness doesnt mean that you write short, choppy (支离破碎的) sentences, or that you cut out (裁剪) details. It means that you simply take out (取出) empty words and phrases.

以下有十个方法用尽量少的词语和组织好的句子来写出更加生动、直接、简洁的文章。但简炼并不意味着你写短的,不连贯的句子,或者把细节裁掉,而是指取出无意义的单词和短语。

1. Use active voice使用主动的语态

Active verbs put the actor first and sound livelier than passive (被动的) verbs, which can sound static (静止的) or abstract (抽象的). Active verbs are much easier to understand and much more powerful. Try to use the active voice whenever possible.

主动动词把动作实行者放在首位,这样的句子听起来更加生动,而被动语态显得静止和抽象。主动句更容易让人理解,更富有威力。请尽可能使用主动语态。

原句:The meeting was seen by us as a ploy (策略) to delay the project. (这个会议被我们当做拖延该项目的一种策略。)

修改后:We saw the meeting as a ploy to delay the project. (我们把这个会议当成拖延该项目的一种策略。)

2. Avoid vague nouns避免使用含糊不清的名词

Phrases formed around general nouns (一般名词) such as aspect, degree, and situation clutter (使……凌乱) sentences easily. Avoid those nouns which express a vague (含糊的) concept or an abstract idea and cannot picture a specific action.

由诸如方面、程度、状态等一般名词组成的短语容易使句子变得杂乱。请避免使用这些描述模糊或抽象的概念,不能够明确说明行动的名词。

原句:She is an expert in the area of international relations. (在国际关系的领域中她是个专家。)

修改后:She is an expert in international relations. (她是国际关系方面的专家。)

3. Use words, not their definitions使用单词,而不是他们的定义

Replace explanatory (解释的) phrases with a single word that encapsulates (概括) that explanation.

用可以概括整个解释的一个词来代替解释性的短语。

原句: The crops also needed to be marketable so that families would be able to sell any yields that

exceeded (超出) what they personally required. (通过市场买卖,那些家庭才能卖掉超过个人需求的收成。)

修改后:The crops also needed to be marketable so that families would be able to sell any surplus (过剩产品). (通过市场买卖,那些家庭才能卖掉过剩产品。)

4. Avoid long noun strings避免过长的名词语串

When nouns are used to modify other nouns, readers have difficulty determining the logical relationships among the words in the string. The longer the noun string (名词语串) is, the longer it takes a reader unfamiliar with the term to figure it out (解决;弄明白). So rewrite sentences to eliminate (消除) nouns that are not needed in the noun string.

当用名词来修饰其他名词时,读者难以确定语串中词语之间的逻辑关系。名词语串越长,不熟悉这个术语的读者弄明白它所花的时间就越长。因此应改写句子,消除名词语串中不需要的名词。

原句:The lack of a secure transfer may hamper (妨碍;限制) computer security incident response efforts. (安全傳输的缺失可能会妨碍计算机安全事件响应的措施。)

修改后:The lack of a secure transfer may hamper responses to computer-security incidents. (安全传输的缺失可能会妨碍计算机对安全事件的响应。)

5. Convert nouns to verbs名词转换为动词

When a sentence includes a noun ending in“-tion”, change the noun to a verb to simplify the sentence.

当句子中包含“-tion”结尾的名词时,可以将名词变为动词以简化句子。

原句: They will collaborate (合作;协作) in the creation of new guidelines. (他们将在制定新的指导方针方面进行合作。)

修改后: They will collaborate to create new guidelines. (他们将协作制定新的指导方针。)

6. Reduce verb phrases to simple verbs把动词词组简化为简单动词

Avoid verb phrases. Identify the verb buried in a verb phrase and substitute (用……代替) the phrase with a succinct (简明的) single verb. Use action verbs instead of verbs of being (is, are, was, were, be, being, been).

避免使用动词词组。分辨隐藏在动词词组中的动词并用简明的一个动词代替整个词组。用行为动词代替be动词 (is, are, was, were, be, being, been)。

原句: The results are suggestive of (暗示;使聯想) the fact that they are right. (结果表明他们是对的。)

修改后: The results suggest that tampering has occurred. (结果表明他们是对的。)

7. Replace complex words with simple ones用简单的单词取代复杂词

Choose simpler synonyms (同义词) for complex words.

选择更简单的同义词替代复杂词。

原句: The department will disseminate (散布;传播) the forms soon. (该部门会马上把表格发下去。)

修改后: The department will pass out the forms soon. (该部门会马上把表格发下去。)

8. Avoid excessive “there be ...” sentences避免过多的“there be”句

Dont always start sentences with “There is”, “There are”...

不要总是以“There is”,“There are”等为句子的开头。

原句: There are many factors in the products failure. (产品的失败有很多因素。)

修改后: Many factors contributed to the products failure. (很多因素造成了产品的失败。)

9. Eliminate prepositional phrases消除前置定语

Replace “(noun1) of the (noun2)” phrasing with “(noun2)s (noun1)” phrasing.

用“(noun2)s (noun1)”短语替换“(noun1) of the (noun2)”短语。

原句: The decision of the committee is final. (委员会的决定为最终决定。)

修改后: The committees decision is final. (委员会的决定为最终决定。)

10. Reduce wordy phrases to single words把冗长的短语简化成简单的词

Replace phrases that signal a transition with simple conjunctions, verbs, or other linking words.

使用简单的连词、动词或者其他连接词,代替有连接标志的短语。

原句: Due to the fact that the project is behind schedule, todays meeting has been postponed (延期;推迟). (由于该项目落后于原计划这一事实,今天的会议已经被推迟了。)

修改后: Because the project is behind schedule, todays meeting has been postponed. (由于该项目落后于原计划,今天的会议已经被推迟了。)

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