2020年全国卷Ⅰ语法填空分析及备考难点突破
2021-03-01王玉素
>>>王玉素
本文以2020年全国卷Ⅰ英语语法填空为例分析考生的答题情况,据此探究突破备考难点——句子结构分析。
一、看真题
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探 测 器 )——the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess——(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon’s far side is(extreme) challenging.Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spotit could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环 形 山 ),more sothe familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon(construct).”Data about the moon’s composition,such as howice and other treasures it contains,could help China decide whether(it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
Keys:61. touched 62. extremely
63. where 64. interest
65. than 66. to find
67. means 68. is constructed
69. much 70. its
二、析错题
这两个考生的错误主要集中在谓语动词、非谓语动词和连词上,这正是语法填空的热点,也是考生的难点。
解析:
61题:考查动词。本题句子较长,考生不清楚句子结构就无法判断该用谓语形式还是非谓语形式,所以要先简化句子:“the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess”是插入语,可以删掉;剩下“The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin”我们就能轻松地看出要用谓语形式了,再根据时间状语last week,得知答案为touched。
63题:本题考查连词,有些考生没有掌握好从句结构,看不出这里需用连词。我们分三步思考:第一步,从句位置从空格开始到句末结束;第二步,空格前为名词spot,考虑定语从句;第三步,先行词spot“地点”,且放回定语从句后做状语。
65题:考查介词。考生看不出比较级结构,误把它认作从句,归根结底还是理不清句子结构。另外,本题的难点在so。作为代词,so代替前面的deep craters,反之,在文中可以用deep craters代替so,即because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山),more deep cratersthe familiar near side.比较级结构显而易见。
68题:考查动词。通过观察 “...about how the moon(construct)”,我们知道这是how引导的宾语从句,空格处应用谓语形式,由“means”“have”的一般现在时形态可知空格处用一般现在时。construct为及物动词,所以用被动语态。
三、破解难点——句子结构
(一)知识储备
英语句子按结构可分为3种类型:简单句、并列句、复合句。
1.六种简单句句型
(1)主语+不及物动词。如,She came.
(2)主语+及物动词+宾语。如,She likes English.
(3)主语+系动词+表语。如,She is happy.
(4)主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如,She gave John a book.
(5)主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语。如,She makes her mother angry.
(6)There+be结构。如,There lies a book on the desk.
2.并列句
用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成的句子。
参考公式:并列句=简单句1+并列连词+简单句2。
He is a student and I am a teacher.
3.复合句
一个句子里包含一个或多个充当成分的句子,大句子叫主句,充当成分、附属于大句子的句子叫从句,连接两个句子的词为从属连词。
参考公式:
(1)I believe that you are right. (宾语从句)
(2)The boy who is sitting under the tree is Tom.(定语从句)
由以上讲解可知,两个或两个以上的简单句可以用句号、分号、连词连接在一起,还可以把一个句子里的谓语动词改为非谓语动词。下面我们通过一组句式变换来体会句子结构的变化。
(1)I need a pen now. I will go to the shop to buy one. 句号区分两个简单句。
(2)I need a pen now;I will go to the shop to buy one.分号连接两个简单句。
(3)I need a pen now,so I will go to the shop to buy one. 并列连词so连接两个简单句。
(4)Because I need a pen now,I will go to the shop to buy one.从属连词because连接两个简单句。
(5)Needing a pen now, I will go to the shop to buy one.把第一句的谓语动词need改为非谓语动词needing之后合在一起的句子。
(二)解题思路
1.谓语动词
一定要慎重考虑谓语动词三要素——时态、语态和主谓一致。
例1.Since 2011, the country___________(grow)more corn than rice.(2018年,全国卷II,61题)
解析:本题考查动词时态——现在完成时,since 2011为时间标志词,此外 so for,up to now,in/over the past/last +数字+years/months/weeks/days也是常考的现在完成时态的标志词。综合考虑时态、语态和主谓一致,答案为 has grown.
例2.The parts of a museum open to the public(call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum's collection(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020年,全国新高考卷I)
解析:这两个空连续考查动词。因为都是简单句,所以很容易判断出用谓语形式。由从第一句的open 和第三句的is可知用一般现在时;40空call的主语为parts,谓语用复数形式,而且需用被动,所以答案为are called;41空需要参考后一句的is,因为他们的主语是一致的。
2.非谓语动词“有法可依”
第一步,辨别“谓与非谓”
若句中已有谓语,且设空格处不作并列谓语,应考虑该空考查非谓语动词。
例 3.There are nine planets __________(move)around the sun, and the earth___________(be)one of them.
解析:这是一个由and连接的并列句。第一个空所在的句子中已经有are做谓语了,所以空格处应该用非谓语动词moving。第二个空所在的句子中没有谓语动词,所以空格处应该用谓语动词is。
第二步,找非谓语动词的逻辑主语
(1)作定语时,被修饰的词是逻辑主语
The students following the teacher are from our class.
(2)作状语时,句子的主语是逻辑主语
Seen from the top of the mountain, it looks more beautiful.
(3)作宾语补足语时,宾语是逻辑主语
I saw the boy crossing the road.
第三步,判断语态
在确定逻辑主语之后,分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语是主谓关系还是动宾关系,主谓关系用主动,动宾关系用被动。
第四步,分析时态
根据非谓语动词自带的时间状语确定时间。
The problem to be discussed next is of great importance.
The building being built now is our future classroom.
The problem discussed just now is of great importance.
另外,对于不定式的考查,多以表目的的状语和固定句型来设空。
例1.You don’t have to run fast or for long__________(see) the benefit.(2018年,全国卷I,62题)
解析:空格前已有谓语动词don’t have to run,所以空格处应用非谓语,根据句意,此处表目的,所以答案为to see。
例2.Once his message was delivered, he allowed me_______ (stay) and watch.(2018年,全国卷III,70题)
解析:本题考查allow的句型,allow sb to do sth. “允许某人做某事”。
3.连词选定“三步走”
第一步,找出从句。一般而言,从句的位置是从所设的空格开始到后面第二个谓语动词结束,如果没有第二个谓语动词则到句尾。
第二步,判断从句类型。空前为名词,考虑定语从句和同位语从句;空前为动词或介词,考虑宾语从句;空前为系动词,考虑表语从句;空在句首或句首为形式主语it时,考虑主语从句;其他情况考虑状语从句。
第三步,选择合适的连词。我们要明确不同从句的不同连词。
例1.While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence_____________they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019年,全国卷I,61题)
解析:第一步,从句位置从空格开始到逗号结束。第二步,空前为名词evidence,考虑定语从句和同位语从句;evidence不能直接代入从句,借助介词也不可以,所以考虑同位语从句。第三步,从句成分和语义都很完整,所以用连接词that。
例2.Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on______________could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(2020年,浙江卷7月,57题)
解析:第一步,从句位置从空格开始到逗号结束。第二步,空前为介词,考虑宾语从句。第三步,从句中缺少主语,意思为“所......的”,所以用连接代词what。
近几年,语法填空题的语言越来越灵活,做题时一定要结合语境,比如2020年全国卷Ⅰ65题和69题的设空出其不意,但是结合上下文就能得出答案。再者,对冠词、代词和介词的用法考查得越来越基础化,仍需要考生系统记忆。