儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者合并拒绝上学行为的相关因素分析
2021-01-11刘艳王少华周国岭周圆月丁凯景廖文静薛闯朱慧丽
刘艳 王少华 周国岭 周圆月 丁凯景 廖文静 薛闯 朱慧丽
[关键词] 儿童青少年;抑郁障碍;拒绝上学行为;相关性
[中图分类号] R749.94 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)29-0008-05
Related factors for children and adolescents with depression disorder combined with refusal to go to school
LIU Yan WANG Shaohua ZHOU Guoling ZHOU Yuanyue DING Kaijing LIAO Wenjing XUE Chuang ZHU Huili
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Center Affiliated to Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310007,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the related factors for children and adolescents with depression disorder combined with refusal to go to school. Methods A total of 84 children and adolescents diagnosed with depression disorder in our hospital from March to December 2019 were selected. The self-made general condition scale, self-rating depression scale (SDS), and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and Family Cohesion and Adaptability Scale (FACESⅡ) were used to assess the demographic characteristics, severity of clinical symptoms, and family functions of patients. Single-and multi-factor analyses were conducted to investigate the influencing factors for children and adolescents with depressive disorder combined with refusal to go to school. Results Single-factor analysis suggested that children and adolescents with gender as female, peer relationship tension, parents with low education level, being non-single child, and severe depression and anxiety had a higher rate of combined refusal to go to school, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Multi-factor analysis indicated that peer relationship tension, fathers′ low education level, being non-single child, and high degree of depression were risk factors for refusal to go to school in children and adolescents with depression disorder(P<0.05). Conclusion It is common for children and adolescents with depression disorder to refuse to go to school. Peer relationship tension, fathers′ low education level, being non-single child, and high degree of depression are risk factors for refusal to go to school in children and adolescents with depression disorder.
[Key words] Children and adolescents; Depression disorder; Refusal to go to school; Relevance
情緒障碍是世界各地的儿童和青少年最常见的精神疾病,其中抑郁障碍的患病率约为3%[1]。抑郁障碍是儿童青少年疾病负担的主要因素[2],并导致一系列问题,如受教育问题、家庭或社交关系中的困难、抽烟或药物滥用、身体的健康问题等[3-4]。拒绝上学行为(School refusal,SR)是一个复杂的问题,主要表现为回避上学,延长不上学的时间并伴随情绪问题或躯体症状[5];对儿童青少年心身发展、家庭和学校均有重大影响;长期拒绝上学会增加自杀、危险性行为、辍学和社会适应问题的风险[6-8]。此外,纵向研究发现,拒绝上学行为还会增加未来的就业不足及刑事诉讼的风险[9-10]。
查阅相关文献,目前大量研究聚焦于儿童青少年情绪障碍与拒绝上学行为相关性,关注存在拒绝上学行为儿童青少年的情绪问题,并认为拒绝上学现象是儿童青少年抑郁障碍更易觉察的临床表现[11]。然而,临床发现,合并拒绝上学行为的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者的临床治疗效果较差,经系统治疗抑郁症状缓解后,也很难再次回归到学校完成学业。本研究旨在通过了解儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者合并拒绝上学行为的相关因素,为该类患者群的个体化治疗方案提供依据,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料
本研究为横断面研究。收集2019年3—12月在杭州市第七人民医院儿少心理科就诊的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者,由一名高年资精神科主治医师及一名副主任医师经过系统精神检查及追问病史判定是否存在拒绝上学行为。纳入标准:①符合ICD-10(International statistical classification of diseases and related health problem 10th threvision,ICD-10)抑郁障碍的诊断标准[12](核心症状:心境低落、兴趣和愉快感缺失、精力下降);②伴随症状:注意力下降、自我评价低、自罪或无价值感、对前途悲观、自伤或自杀观念或行为、睡眠障碍、食欲下降;③症状标准:满足至少2条的核心症状及至少两条的伴随症状;④病程标准:2周;⑤年龄9~18岁;⑥采用韦氏儿童智力量表修订版测量智力商数IQ≥90[13]。排除标准:①具有脑外伤、癫痫等脑器质性疾病或重大躯体疾病史者;②合并精神发育迟滞或智力边缘状态者;③合并品性障碍、多动性障碍、社交焦虑、精神分裂症等其他精神障碍者。本研究经杭州市第七人民医院医学伦理委员会审核及批准,所有被试及其法定监护人均对本研究知情同意,并签署知情同意书。
1.2方法
本研究通过访谈的方式对患者及患者监护人进行问卷调查,问卷人员在研究前统一进行一致性培训(kendall系数>0.9),采用一般情况调查量表,调查入组病例人口学资料;并通过人机对话的方式完成抑郁自评量表(Self-rating depression scale,SDS)[14]、焦虑自评量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)[14]及汉化版家庭亲密度与适应性量表(Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale,FACESⅡ)[15]的评估。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
1.3.1 拒绝上学行为判定标准 拒绝上学行为具体表现为:一段时间完全不上学;上学,但在一天中会离开学校或缺席某些特定课程;迟到(慢性迟缓);上学,但伴随激烈的早晨不当行为,如发脾气或拒绝离家,导致旷课;在校表现出不寻常的痛苦,以此向父母或他人请求以后不上学。本研究定义存在拒绝上学行为标准:在过去1 年内存在拒绝上学表现任意一条,累计≥14 d[16]。
1.3.2 研究评定量表 ①一般情况调查量表:本研究通过该量表调查人口学特征,制订一般情况调查量表前查阅相关文献对相关因素进行归纳。调查条目主要包括人口学特征(性别、学龄、户口所在地);治疗相关因素(是否接受药物治疗、是否接受心理治疗);家庭相关因素(父母受教育年限、是否独生子女、家庭结构);人际关系相关因素(同伴关系);经济相关因素(父母职业、家庭年收入)。②抑郁自评量表(Self-rating depression scale,SDS)[14]:SDS量表由 Zung 等于 1965 年编制,共 20 个条目,每个条目分别采用 1~4 级评分,各条目得分总和乘以1.25后得到总分,得分越高提示抑郁水平越严重。③焦虑自评量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)[14]:SAS自评量表由Zung等于1971年编制,共包括20个条目,采用1~4级评分,得分越高表明焦虑越明显。④汉化版家庭亲密度与适应性量表(Family adaptability and cohesion scale,FACESⅡ)[15]:该量表共含有30个条目,其Cronbach′s α系数为0.68~0.85,具备良好的信度及效度。该量表的评分为1~5级评分。分值越高表明其家庭亲密度与适应性较高,量表得分可分为亲密度因子与适应性因子。
1.4 统计学方法
采用 SPSS 17.0 统计学软件进行数据分析。计数资料以[n(%)] 表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用独立样本t检验;并采用二项多因素Logistic回归分析兒童青少年抑郁障碍合并拒绝上学行为的相关性因素,检验水准 α=0.05,双侧检验。
2 结果
2.1 儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者合并拒绝上学行为的单因素分析
本研究共纳入病例84例,平均年龄(13.40±1.58)岁,其中男32例,女52例;其中合并拒绝上学行为率为66.67%,其中女性合并拒绝上学行为率高出男性(P<0.05);同伴关系紧张者合并拒绝上学行为率高出同伴关系和谐者(P<0.05);而父母受教育水平在大学及以上者合并拒绝上学行为率低于父母受教育水平在高中及以下者(P<0.05);非独生子女者合并拒绝上学行为率高于独生子女者(P<0.05);且合并拒绝上学行为的儿童青少年患者的抑郁焦虑程度更严重(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者合并拒绝上学行为的多因素Logistic回归分析
以是否合并拒绝上学行为为因变量(无拒绝上学行为=0,存在拒绝上学行为=1),在单因素非条件Logistic回归分析基础上,采用逐步回归法拟合影响因素与拒绝上学行为的多因素Logistic回归模型,设置进入和退出模型的标准分别为0.05和0.10。结果显示,同伴关系紧张、父亲受教育水平低、非独生子女、抑郁程度高是儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者出现拒绝上学行为的危险因素(P<0.05)。见表2。
3討论
本研究结果显示,在儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者中合并拒绝上学行为率高达66.67%;远远高于国内学者在普通中学生的拒绝上学行为检出率22.5%[17]。既往多项研究均提示儿童青少年拒绝上学行为与抑郁障碍高度相关[11,18],而本研究的样本为抑郁障碍患者,故不难理解拒绝上学行为检出率远高于普通人群。本研究结果显示,女性抑郁障碍患者更易合并拒绝上学行为,而在普通人群中拒绝上学行为并无性别差异[17],这一差异还需大样本研究进一步验证。另外,同伴关系紧张的抑郁障碍患者更易出现拒绝上学行为,与既往多项研究结果一致。有研究显示,人际关系紧张是出现拒绝上学行为的高危因素[19];国内外有研究显示,人际关系,无论是同学关系、师生关系亦或是亲子关系均是儿童青少年心理健康的重要影响因素,并影响其在学校的表现,甚至是辍学[7,20]。而父母的受教育程度高是儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者免于合并拒绝上学行为的保护因素;父母受教育程度高,意味着教养方式更合理,家庭氛围更为和谐,家庭经济收入更高,而家庭环境及养育方式不良均是拒绝上学行为的危险因素[21],同样家庭收入高是拒绝上学行为的保护因素[6]。本研究结果显示,非独生子女是出现拒绝上学行为的危险因素,而是否独生子女是养育方式的重要影响因素[22]。另外,本研究结果还显示,合并拒绝上学行为的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者的抑郁焦虑体验更明显;抑郁焦虑程度严重的患者更易出现注意力、记忆力等认知功能的损害[23],导致学习困难及人际关系紧张等问题[24],而上述问题是出现拒绝上学行为的高危因素[6]。
本研究多因素回归分析结果显示,儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者合并拒绝上学行为的危险因素依次是父亲的受教育程度低、非独生子女、同伴关系紧张、抑郁程度高,提示在青少年抑郁障碍患者是否合并拒绝上学行为的影响因素中,似乎家庭环境、学校环境的影响力要高于抑郁本身带来的影响。国内有研究提示,父亲的受教育程度直接影响学生对学习的态度,父亲受教育程度高是出现辍学或学习困难的保护因素[25],且高学历水平与自我效能呈正相关,而家庭中父母的自我效能高是拒绝上学行为的保护因素[7]。尽管儿童期间的行为问题在独生子女与非独生子女之间并无差异[26],但独生子女是影响家庭氛围及父母教养方式的重要因素[27],而父母教养方式与儿童青少年抑郁焦虑情绪及拒绝上学行为密切相关。
综上所述,在治疗合并拒绝上学行为的儿童青少年抑郁障碍患者时,除关注患者的抑郁程度,更需关注其家庭环境、教养方式及同伴关系。临床治疗需加强家庭治疗及人际关系指导等综合治疗,以期更好地帮助该类患者回归学校。
鉴于本研究样本量有限,且属横断面研究,研究结果还需进一步扩大样本量,多中心研究进一步验证。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-09)