SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

AnAnalysisoftheNavalBattleofLuliangandItsMilitaryRelatedProblems

Wang Zhen and Du Shuaiqiao

The battle of Luliang was a naval battle between China， Korea and Japan at the end of the 16th century. This is the last large-scale battle before the end of the Renchen war. In the battle， the Ming generals Chen Lin and Deng Zi-long fought and cooperated with the Korean generals Li shun-chen to win the final victory， which directly led to the end of the seven-year war in East Asia. Based on the systematic investigation of the process of Luliang naval battle， this paper puts forward three military understandings related to it， that is， the battle of Luliang left and right the political trend of East Asia， the Ming Dynasty soldiers are the main force to defeat the invading Japanese army in the naval battle， and the use of military weapons is an important factor to influence the victory and defeat of the naval battle. Through the in-depth analysis of the relevant issues of the Luliang naval battle， this paper intends to deepen the overall study of the Renchen war and reflect the development of the three countries’ relations in East Asia.

ResearchontheActivitiesandInfluenceofJapaneseShinshuOtaniSectinNortheasternChinainModernTimes

Liu Jinglan

As a cultural exchange，The religious activity of Japanese Shinshu Otani sect in northeastern China had a normal significance at the beginning， whereas it had been attached with the obvious political complexion once it collaborated with Japanese aggression against China， the missionary activity violated the original intention， the original doctrine descended to the “martyrdom” implement of Japanese militarism， the religious activity evolved into the accomplice of war， and finally seceded the activity in China as Japan is defeated. The essay takes Japanese Buddhism especially the activity of Shinshu Otani sect in northeastern China between 1895—1945 as the principal content， and analyzes the function that Japanese Buddhism with the delegate of Shishu Otani sect carries out the aggression against China in Japanese militarism and implements colonial rule for the northeast， so as to explore and acquaint the responsibility of Japanese war and understand a new perspective for modern Sino-Japanese relations evolvement.

CulturalMemoryinSacredTimeandSpace：BookofAfterworldandOsirisMystery

Yan Haiying

In ancient Egyptian myth， Osiris was a living king murdered by his brother but could be reborn and became ruler of underworld. 12thDynasty and 19thDynasty kings tried to relate themselves to Osiris by active buildings and rituals in Abydos in order to overcome political trauma and legitimate their role in the cosmos cycle. This paper will analysis the details of Osiris mysterious rituals based on autobiographies of high priests of Osiris， Book of Underworld of New Kingdom and new archaeological discoveries in Abydos.

EgyptandBabylonintheAmarnaLetters

Wen Jing

This article examines the 12 letters between Egypt and Babylon in the Amarna Letters. It explores the unique relationship between the two ancient countries that are far away from each other. In these letters， the Babylonian kings proposed greetings， gift exchange， and marriage to the pharaoh. They also tried to construct a scenario based on “family metaphors” and “virtual social interactions” to integrate Egypt into the Mesopotamian schema of diplomacy. Not only did the Babylonian kings obtain gold， but they also intended to maintain peace and stability within the area through the alliance with Egypt. Influenced by the communication with Babylon and other great powers， Egypt began to consider them as equal partners. The Amarna Letters are valuable sources for the study of diplomacy of ancient countries. The interaction between Egypt and Babylon provides a unique perspective to international politics among the great powers. We also see how ancient civilizations made efforts to seek for peace and cooperation in the second millennium BCE.

SethinthePeriodofOldKingdom

Zhu Yimin

Seth is one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian history and a member of Ennead of Heliopolis. Seth is a complex role in many myths and stories. For ancient Egyptians he can be both a friend and a foe. In early dynastic period his role was simple and associated with kingship， conqueror of foreign country. He was also the owner of red crown in that period. But generally， he could not be compare with Horus in the representation of kingship.Later he grabbed a chance gave by the turmoil during endof second dynasty and became a deity equal to Horus. Following the establishment of the cult of Re and the centralization of kingship， Seth fade from the kingship of Egypt and became the ruler of foreign lands eventually in the time of old kingdom.

TheElementaryEducationReformintheEnlightenmentFrance

Xu Qianjin

The elementary education is the last stage of knowledge diffusion， which concerns the intellectual state of a society. The elementary education reform in the Enlightenment was necessary due to a new situation， including in the knowledge progress， social occupation and social class status. In the early Enlightenment， the education reform fell behind the social change and did no good to solve the political crisis. The problems in elementary education lasted until the revolutionary era and became a source of social contradictions. However， the radical measures could’t solve the long-term contradictions，the elementary education was at a standstill during the French Revolution.

AnAnalysisofFactorsDecidingAmericanForeignPolicyontheEnvironment

Chang Changhai

Although the American Foreign Policy on the Environment is characterized by variability and repetition， the most decisive factor remains unchanged： the realism of safeguarding its own interests. The United States will lead global environmental governance， when promoting its domestic environmental system design or maintaining the necessary environmental standards in market competition. Because it has always been sensitive to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”， it often uses developing countries as an excuse for its reluctance to take action on climate change. The doubts about the negative effects on the economy makes policymakers easily appalled by environmental agreements. The energy structure of the United States， mainly comprising fossil fuels， will remain so in the short term. The executive branch， with the help of advisors and think tanks， has proposed a lot of plans to reduce emissions， but Congress has always refused to pass such bills on the grounds of negatively affecting American economy. Moreover， the fossil fuel industry and politics are intertwined to make the policy-making process more complex and uncertain. In the future， binding agreements are likely to be signed by the executive branch， but seeking congressional support remains difficult. The hope resides in scientific and technological innovation as well as market mechanisms at the local level.

ApproachtotheCareerofHumanistPhilippMelanchthoninEducation

Chen Jie and Li Deqiang

In the best tradition of the time， Philipp Melanchthon was a humanist. He set forth the humanistic educational program. He standed next to Martin Luther and John Calvin as one of the founders of Protestantism. In the plan of 1528 by Philipp Melanchthon， the school was to be organized into three divisions. He helped found and reform universities of Germany. His efforts earned him the title “preceptor of Germany”.

ToledoSchoolofTranslators：AHubforMedievalCulturalExchange

Gu Jiawei

The Toledo School of Translators emerged under the background of the “Revendication Movement” of the Christian Kingdom in the northern Spain against Muslim conquerors was originated from the national integration and cultural exchange in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages. Based on the achievements of the Graeco-Arabic translation movement， the development of the Toledo School of Translators reached its peak twice with the support of archbishop Raymond of Toledo and Alfonso X， coming with a large number of classical translation and original works in the ancient Greece and Rome， and promoting the development and maturity of Castilian language and the formation of the Spanish nation. The translation movement was an important bridge between Arab and Islamic cultures for Western Europe， as well as the bridge between the East and West civilization， also was a promotion for the development of the Renaissance. Taking the cultural phenomenon of Toledo School of Translators as a microcosm， the social scene of religious tolerance， national integration and cross-cultural communication in Spain in the Middle Ages provides inspiration for the realization of multicultural symbiosis under the current globalization.

TheEU-TurkeyInternationalCooperationintheFieldofRefugees：WaysandProblems

An Cuili

Since the breakout of Syrian civil war， mass Syrian refugees have fled to Europe through Turkey. At the moment， there are still 350 million Syrian refugees in Turkey. If Turkey loses its border control， a great many of the Syrian refugees will try to cross the border between Turkey and Europe and it is impossible to stop the refugees from going to Europe. Therefore， Europe has a strong desire to cooperate with Turkey to deal with the refugee crisis. At the same time， Turkey intends to make use of “the card of refugees”. Through international cooperation with EU in the field of refugees， Turkey wishes to realize its political vision of visa liberation and restart the dialogue with EU about its application to Join the EU. As a consequence， EU and Turkey start international cooperation through signing a readmission agreement， launching a visa-free roadmap for Turkey and negotiating Turkey’s entry into EU. However， the International cooperation between EU and Turkey on refugee issues is a kind of benefit-exchange cooperation and thus is very fragile in practice， facing up to problems such as the limited competence of EU on immigration issues， slow process of visa liberation and hopeless dialogue to join the EU.

Japan-JordanBilateralTradefromthePerspectiveofTradingStructure

Chen Xi and Li Bowen

This paper explores the changes in the commodity structure and the influencing factors in the bilateral trade between Japan and Jordan. The paper starts with the analysis of the chronological development of the bilateral trade，dividing the trade history into four periods. Then， it proceeds to analyze the structural change of commodities in terms of six parameters， the structural changes of primary commodities， the internal changes of industrial manufactured goods， the analysis of commodity structure based on customs codes， Revealed Comparative Advantage Index， Trade Integration Index and the Lawrence Index. At last， the paper summarizes the influencing factors of structural changes of commodities， revealing that in the bilateral trade between Japan and Jordan， Japan has shifted from labor-intensive exports to capital-technology-intensive exports， while Jordan has shifted from commodity exports to labor-intensive exports， which shows the impact of the transfer of the international industrial chain and the spillover effect of capital technology on the change of commodity structure. In addition， the paper points out that the optimization of the industrial structure， vertical international division of labor， and regional economic cooperation and the diversified trade types have all contributed to the status quo of the bilateral trade commodity structure in Japan and Jordan.

ANewTrendintheStudyoftheThematicProgressionTheoryinChina

Zhang Yan and Zhang Jian

The thematic theory originated in European academic circles in the 1940s， and it is an important theory of systemic functional linguistics. Since the 1960s， foreign scholars Halliday and Danes have further improved the thematic theory and thematic progression theory， providing an important theoretical basis for discourse analysis， translation， and other fields. Since the 1980s， the theory of thematic progression has been introduced to China together with thematic theory. It has attracted the attention of domestic linguists and produced fruitful research results. Therefore， this paper will start with the evolution of the theory of thematic progression in the West and the development of the theory of thematic progression in China. Through the academic review of the research status of thematic progression theory at home and abroad， this paper discusses the research trend of Chinese scholars on thematic progression theory， to benefit the relevant research in domestic academia.

ThePathandDevelopmentDirectionofHigherEducationReforminPoland——BasedontheHigherEducationandScienceAct

Cui Peng

In order to improve the quality of higher education in Poland and reform the predicament faced by the development of higher education in Poland， Poland formally has implemented the Higher Education and Science Act on October 1， 2018. In order to enhance the quality and international influence of higher education in Poland， the bill is reformed from the following aspects.The bill gives universities more autonomy space， power and responsibility.Poland carries out integrating the plan university by which enhances the quality of higher education in Poland.The act reasonably divides the titles and salaries of educational personnel， which makes its work stable and adjusts the phenomenon of popularization of higher education.The bill changes the funding aid method of diversion and dispersion to increase the flexibility of school use funds.The bill devoted to promoting the international prestige of Polish higher education with the help of diversification measures.The act protects the legitimate rights and interests of students in all aspects， which completely changes the situation of students’ rights and interests since social change.The reform will certainly yield some results in the future， while the bill has attracted many questions， the effectiveness of which has yet to be tested.