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无刷直流电机基于电流预测控制的转矩脉动抑制

2020-11-30吕德刚张辰光侯征东

哈尔滨理工大学学报 2020年5期

吕德刚 张辰光 侯征东

摘 要:针对无刷直流电机转矩脉动问题,提出了一种与换相重叠法相结合的电流预测控制方法来抑制换相转矩脉动。在分析换相转矩脉动产生的原因的基础上,采用电流预测控制方法同ON_PWM导通方式相结合,对电机进行控制。在换相期间对关断相和非换相相采用同步的PWM进行调制,确保在换相期间开通相的电流上升率和关断相电流的下降率相同,从而使非换相相电流在换相期间平稳过度,进而减小转矩脉动。在电流预测控制的基础上,通过消除直流母线负续流,进一步抑制转矩脉动。实验表明,本文提出的方法可在中低速范围内明显的减小转矩脉动,验证了该控制策略的正确性;消除直流母线负续流,转矩脉动得到进一步抑制。

关键词:无刷直流电机;转矩脉动;重叠换相;直流母线负续流;电流预测

Abstract:Aiming at the torque ripple problem of brushless DC motor, a current predictive control method combined with commutation overlap method is proposed to suppress the commutation torque ripple. Based on the analysis of the cause of the commutation torque ripple, the current prediction control method is combined with the ON_PWM conduction mode to control the motor. During the commutation phase, the off-phase and non-commutation phase are modulated by synchronous PWM, ensuring that the current rise rate of the turn-on phase during commutation was the same as the turn-off phase current drop rate. Thus the non-commutated phase current was smoothly over-transformed during commutation, which in turn reduces torque ripple. On the basis of the current prediction control, the torque ripple was further suppressed by eliminating the negative current of the DC bus. Experiments show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the torque ripple in full speed range, verify the correctness of the control strategy, eliminate the DC bus negative freewheeling, and further suppress the torque ripple.

Keywords:BLDCM; torque ripple; overlap commutation; DC bus negative freewheeling; current prediction

0 引 言

由于存在转矩脉动,使得无刷直流电机很难应用于高精度高稳定性场合[1],为了解决该问题,国内外学者做了大量的研究[2-5]。所以,如何减小电机换相时的转矩脉动成为研究的热点。

目前,在无刷直流电机转矩脉动抑制方面,学术界已有很多研究成果[6-16]。文[6]通过对电机的换相时间进行控制,减慢换相期间电流的变化率,使开通相与关断相电流变化率保持一致,从而达到抑制转矩脉动的效果。但该方法需要明确电机运行于高速还是低速,再结合不同的控制策略,其实现过程比较复杂。文[7]采用PWM_ON_PWM的调制方式,虽然可以消除换相时非导通相上的续流,但对换相时间长短不能很好的确定。文[8-9]采用滞环控制方法来抑制非换相相电流在换相期间的脉动。但这种方法只解决了电机在高速運行下的转矩脉动,低速时,抑制效果不理想。文[10-13]指出给直流母线加入DC-DC变换器,通过改变直流母线电压的大小来平衡换相期间电流的变化,但这种方法受到DC-DC变换器响应速度的影响,且受电机参数影响较大,动态性能不理想。文[14]通过硬件电路检测电流来判断换相时刻,但这种方法用到了6个运放电路,成本很高。文[15]采用脉宽调制的方法,将每个脉宽分为三段调制,使电机换相时间可控,但其参数较多,计算量比较大。文[16]采用直接转矩控制,将给定转矩和反馈转矩进行比较。但该方法对硬件电路要求比较高,需要同时采集每相电流,反电动势和转速,且容易受到外界因素干扰。

针对以上问题,本文提出了一种与换相重叠法相结合的电流预测控制策略。在换相期间,关断相延迟一段时间关断,这样在换相期间就会有三个开关管同时导通,且关断相和非换相相进行同步的PWM调制,其PWM占空比根据电流预测控制法得到。通过这种方法使电机的非换相相电流在换相期间保持恒定。同时,对该方法进一步优化,消除换相期间直流母线负续流,使转矩脉动得到进一步抑制。最后,通过实验验证了该方法的有效性。

1 换相电流预测

1.1 换相电流预测控制分析

以电机运行于高速状态下为例进行分析。AC换相到BC,A为关断相,设其占空比为DA。由于电机采用ON_PWM调制,所以B为开通相,占空比为1,C为非换相相,且处于PWM(ON)状态。在换相期间有:eA=eB=E,eC=-E,设相电流的幅值为i,|iC|=i。则有:

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