薏苡总苞性状的遗传分析
2020-11-02李祥栋潘虹陆秀娟魏心元石明陆平
李祥栋 潘虹 陆秀娟 魏心元 石明 陆平
摘要:【目的】揭示薏苡總苞性状的遗传方式和遗传规律,为薏苡品种遗传改良提供理论依据。【方法】以经多年单株提纯的6个薏苡品系为亲本共配制6个杂交组合,观测其F1代和F2代群体总苞的颜色、质地、喙和纵长条纹等4个性状,并通过χ2检验揭示4个性状的遗传方式和遗传规律。【结果】黄白色(♀)×黑(褐)色(♂)的5个杂交组合F1代植株总苞颜色均为黑(褐)色,与父本相同;分别以总苞有喙、甲壳质、有纵长条纹的品系为母本,总苞无喙、珐琅质、无纵长条纹(CL91)为父本的5个杂交组合F1代植株均表现为总苞有喙、珐琅质、无纵长条纹;1个双亲均为总苞有喙、甲壳质、有纵长条纹组合F1代植株总苞表现为有喙、甲壳质、有纵长条纹。说明有喙相对于无喙为显性,珐琅质相对于甲壳质为显性,有纵长条纹相对于无纵长条纹为隐性。在F2代植株中,总苞颜色黑(褐)色和黄白色的分离比为15∶1或3∶1,说明薏苡总苞颜色在不同遗传背景中的遗传方式不尽相同,表现为2对等位基因的显性重叠效应遗传和单基因显性遗传2种方式;有喙和无喙的的分离比为3∶1或9∶7,表现为单基因显性遗传和2对显性互补基因遗传2种方式;“无”或“有”总苞纵长条纹与总苞质地的珐琅质和甲壳质的分离表现一致,且纵长条纹总是伴随着甲壳质总苞而出现,总苞珐琅质表现为单基因控制的显性遗传;纵长条纹表现为单基因隐性遗传。薏苡总苞质地、喙和纵长条纹在不同遗传背景下均表现出偏分离现象。【结论】薏苡总苞颜色、质地、喙和纵长条纹的遗传受1~2对等位基因控制,且具有基因互作、基因重叠及偏分离遗传特点,可作为薏苡遗传改良的重要标记性状。
关键词: 薏苡;总苞;性状;遗传规律;遗传方式;偏分离
中图分类号: S519.035.1 文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2020)08-1896-08
Inheritance of involucre traits in Coix lacroyma-jobi L.
LI Xiang-dong1,2, PAN Hong1,2*, LU Xiu-juan1,2, WEI Xin-yuan1,2, SHI Ming2*, LU Ping3
(1Southwest Guizhou Institute of Karst Regional Development, Xingyi, Guizhou 562400, China; 2Adlay of Engineering Technical Research Centre in Guizhou, Xingyi, Guizhou 562400, China; 3Institute of Crop Sciences,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)
Abstract:【Objective】In order to provide guidance for genetic improvement of new varieties in Coix lacroyma-jobi L.,the inheritance modes and regulations of involucre traits were uncovered in C. lacroyma-jobi. 【Method】A total of six hybrid combinations and their segregation populations were built with six selfing lines purified for several years, and thus inheritance modes and regulations of four traits in involucre color, texture, beak and longitudinal stripes were revealed by χ2 test, according to the observation results of F1 and F2 plants. 【Result】It was displayed that F1 plants of five yellowish white(♀)×black(brown)(♂) combinations were black(brown) involucres, which were the same to their male parents. When female parents were beak, chitin and longitudinal stripes existed, and male parents had no beak, longitudinal stripes, enamel, their F1 plants displayed beak existed, longitudinal stripes absence and enamel. Also, one F1 plants population exhibited beak, chitin and longitudinal stripes when their parents were both beak, chitin and longitudinal stripes exi-sted. All above revealed that the involucre traits of beak existed, enamel and longitudinal stripes absence were dominant inherited compared with beak absence, chitin and longitudinal stripes. In F2 segregation plants, the ratio of black(brown) color to yellowish white was 15∶1 or 3∶1, which indicated that involucre color showed discrepant hereditary modes, and was controlled by two accumulative alleles or one single dominant gene in differ background. The separation ratios of beak existed and beak absence were 3∶1 or 9∶7, showing that trait was controlled by one single dominant gene or two complementary dominant genes. The separation of longitudinal stripes absence and longitudinal stripes existed, and ena-mel and chitin textures were the same, meanwhile the longitudinal stripes invariably came with the chitin involucre. The enamel involucre and longitudinal stripes was dominant inheritance controlled by single gene, while the stripes existence was controlled by one recessive gene. Additionally, the involucre texture, beak and longitudinal stripes traits were distor-ted segregation in several combination offsprings. 【Conclusion】The involucre color, texture, beak and longitudinal stripes are controlled by one to two pairs of alleles, exhibiting genetic interaction, genetic accumulation and genetic distorted segregation, so the involucre traits above could be used as genetic flags in genetic improvement of C. lacroyma-jobi.
Key words: Coix lacroyma-jobi L.; involucre; traits; inheritance law; inheritance method; segregation distortion
Foundation item: High-level Innovative Talents Training Project of Guizhou(QKHRC〔2015〕4016); Construction Project of Guizhou Modern Agricultural Industrial System(Qiancainong〔2019〕15)
0 引言
【研究意義】薏苡(Coix lacryma-jobi L.)是我国最古老的药食兼用作物之一,具有健脾胃、利湿、止痛、排脓、抗肿瘤和抗痉挛之功效,可治疗水肿、慢性胃肠溃疡、肺痿、赘疣、关节炎、氙气和子宫肿瘤等(杨爽等,2011;黄锁义等,2012)。遗传解析,即分析作物重要表型性状的遗传方式和遗传规律,是高效育种的基础工作,因此,遗传解析薏苡重要表型性状对其品种改良和选育具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】目前,有关薏苡种质资源表型性状(梁云涛等,2006;王硕等,2013;李春花等,2015;李祥栋等,2019)和品质(李祥栋等,2018)的研究报道较多。童应鹏等(2011)、金关荣等(2017)对薏苡籽粒形态、颜色等性状的多样性进行分析评价;石明等(2018)在总结前人研究的基础上,通过多年薏苡资源种植观察制定了《薏苡描述规范和数据标准》,为薏苡种质资源的描述及数据采集提供重要参考依据。在薏苡抗性方面,汪灿等(2017a,2017b,2017c)分别对薏苡种质资源萌发期、苗期和成株期的抗旱性进行鉴定,并有效筛选出抗旱指标和耐旱种质,为薏苡的抗性育种提供新思路。薏苡最初的杂交组配始于20世纪90年代,乔亚科(1993,1995)比较观察薏苡和川谷(野生种)及其F1代的植株形态、抗性和同工酶谱等特征,结果发现F1代在株高、单株叶面积、生长势和光合特征等性状表现出杂种优势,且F2代植株的株高、生育期和果实等性状出现分离。宋秀英(1993)、李贵全等(1997)对川谷和薏苡进行杂交,发现其后代均表现出远缘杂交和超亲性状特征。杜维俊等(1998)则通过川谷和薏苡杂交试验证明杂种F1代在形态性状、生长势、生物产量等方面表现明显杂种优势。1999—2018年间未见薏苡杂交方面的相关研究报道,该领域研究一直处于空白。直至2019年,中国农业大学和四川农业大学首次联合破译薏苡栽培种(Cultivar Beijing coix)和水生薏苡(Coix aquatica)的基因组序列,并从基因组学水平探讨薏苡的进化和驯化过程(Guo et al,2019;Liu et al,2019a)。【本研究切入点】前人已在薏苡的种间杂交方面进行重要尝试,基因组破译也为薏苡分子育种带来新契机,但对于薏苡表型性状的遗传仍停留在表型描述层面,有关薏苡总苞性状(包括质地、颜色、大小、形状、喙和纵长条纹等)遗传规律的研究鲜见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】以经多年单株提纯的6个薏苡品系为亲本共配制6个杂交组合,观测其F1代和F2代群体总苞的颜色、质地、喙和纵长条纹等4个性状,并通过χ2检验揭示4个性状的遗传方式和遗传规律,以期为薏苡品种改良提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1. 1 试验材料
采用经多年单株提纯的6个薏苡品系为亲本,其中,母本材料(♀)为兴仁白壳、黔薏2号、薏珠1号、安薏1号和安国薏苡,父本材料(♂)为安国薏苡和CL91,共配制6个杂交组合。各亲本材料的总苞性状特征及来源见表1。
1. 2 试验方法
于2016年在贵州省兴义市黔西南州农业科学研究所实验基地进行杂交试验,获得6个杂交组合的F1代种子,第2年将F1代自交获得F2代种子,第3年播种获得F2代分离群体,在成熟期收获并观察记录不同植株的总苞性状特征,其群体构建过程见图1。
1. 3 统计分析
利用Excel 2017统计数据,并进行χ2检验,分析总苞颜色、质地、喙和纵长条纹的遗传方式和遗传规律。鉴于不同着粒层的总苞(籽粒)存在成熟度不一致现象,统计总苞颜色性状时采用二元统计方法,只要后代植株总苞出现黑色或褐色籽粒,不论颜色深浅均划分为“黑(褐)色”类型,黄白色个体则单独划分为“黄白色”类型。总苞质地分为珐琅质和甲壳质2种。喙和纵长条纹分为“有”或“无”2种类型。
采用矫正后的χ2计算符合度:
式中,A为实际观测株数,T为理论株数。
2 结果与分析
2. 1 F1代植株总苞性状表现及其遗传方式
在6个杂交组合的F1代植株中,黄白色(♀)×黑(褐)色(♂)的5个杂交组合[兴仁白壳(♀)×CL91(♂)、黔薏2号(♀)×CL91(♂)、薏珠1号(♀)×CL91(♂)、安薏1号(♀)×CL91(♂)和薏珠1号(♀)×安国薏苡(♂)]F1代总苞颜色均为黑(褐)色(表2),与父本相同,说明薏苡总苞的黑(褐)色相对于黄白色为显性。分别以兴仁白壳、黔薏2号、薏珠1号、安薏1号和安国薏苡(均表现为总苞有喙、甲壳质、有纵长条纹)为母本、CL91(总苞无喙、珐琅质、无纵长条纹)为父本的5个杂交组合F1代植株均表现为总苞有喙、珐琅质、无纵长条纹,1个双亲均是总苞有喙、甲壳质、有纵长条纹组合[薏珠1号(♀)×安国薏苡(♂)]F1代植株总苞表现为有喙、甲壳质、有纵长条纹(表2和图2)。说明有喙相对于无喙为显性,珐琅质相对于甲壳质为显性,有纵长条纹相对于无纵长条纹为隐性(表3)。
2. 2 F2代植株总苞颜色性状分离分析结果
由表4可知,兴仁白壳(♀)×CL91(♂)、黔薏2号(♀)×CL91(♂)、薏珠1号(♀)×CL91(♂)、安薏1号(♀)×CL91(♂)和薏珠1号(♀)×安国薏苡(♂)5个杂交组合F2代植株的总苞颜色均发生明显性状分离,其后代具有黑(褐)色和黄白色的总苞。χ2检验结果表明,黑(褐)色和黄白色的分离比为15∶1或3∶1;而以黑(褐)色总苞为双亲的杂交组合[安国薏苡(♀)×CL91(♂)],其后代均表现为黑(褐)色,表明母本(安国薏苡)的黑(褐)色总苞是由1对显性等位基因控制,父本(CL91)的黑(褐)色总苞则由2对显性等位基因控制,且2个基因存在累积效应。根据上述结果可知,薏苡总苞颜色在不同遗传背景下的遗传方式不尽相同,表现为单基因显性遗传和2对等位基因的显性重叠效应遗传2种类型。