商务语篇主位推进模式结构图管窥
2020-10-23李雪红
宋 莹,李雪红,陈 宏
(安徽财经大学 文学院,安徽 蚌埠 233030)
不同体裁的语篇主位推进模式有不同的选择倾向,同一体裁的语篇主位推进模式虽有相似性,却又不完全相同。目前主位推进模式的研究对象主要集中在文学语篇,有关商务语篇的研究相对较少。商务语篇中存在哪些主位推进模式,其对于语篇的功能和理解起何作用?相关研究略有涉及,但多为文字阐释或是简单的公式。所以,对商务语篇的主位推进模式进行研究有一定意义。本文以商务语篇为研究对象,探究其主位推进模式的选择如何有效实现信息负载量大的商务语篇的交际功能,并尝试借助结构图演示该类体裁语篇的主位推进模式,使读者不仅对整个商务语篇的结构与发展一目了然,还可以了解到语篇中各小句铺开、连接和贯穿整个语篇的具体形式,由此做到信息准确顺畅地传递,提高读者理解语篇的效率和准确性。
一、主位推进理论综述
在马泰修斯(Mathesitus)[1]和韩礼德(Halliday)[2]的研究基础上,丹尼斯(Danes)[3]创造性地从语篇角度提出了“主位推进”(thematic progression)概念。主位推进理论研究各句间衔接和连贯的方式,即主位与述位的关系和变化。丹尼斯在对其本族语篇做了大量分析后,归纳出五种常见的主位推进模式。荷兰的范戴克采用数学集合及向量的符号记法给出了主位推进模式的公式:[,,
二、商务英语语篇中的主位推进模式
基于已有文献[12-15]研究成果以及对商务语篇的分析,本文发现常用的主位推进模式主要有三种,即:持续型主位推进模式、直线型主位推进模式和衍生型主位推进模式。商务英语语篇中主位推进模式的分布较广,受商务语篇负载信息量大、语句较长、结构严密等文体特征影响,其特点有:持续性主位推进模式居多,直线型和衍生型主位推进模式次之。在持续性主位推进模式的语篇中,各小句主位要么完全相同要么有极大相似性,这与商务语篇的主题统一、重点突出、逻辑清晰的文体特征不谋而合。作者可用最少的语言传递最多的信息。在直线型和衍生型主位推进模式中,语篇的连贯性、逻辑性和完整性通过各小句主述位的展开来实现:前一句的述位可作为后一句的主位,首句的主位或述位可分裂成后面各小句的主位。各小句间的语义衔接非常紧密,符合商务语篇结构严密的特征。商务语篇所涉及的事件或事物是相互联系的,是一种具有紧密逻辑结构和强烈目的性的语篇。为了避免语言文字描述的冗长,本文分析了持续型主位推进模式、直线型主位推进模式和衍生型主位推进模式并给出了对应的结构图,直观演示各小句间如何衔接,语义如何推进。为了保证描写的充分性,下文在《实用文体翻译》[16]一书中选取六篇英语商务报章杂志文章作为语料范例,通过结构图构画出其主位推进模式,从而更高效更清晰地分析理解语篇。以下结构图中,主位记作T,述位记作R,T1即为第一小句的主位,R1为第一小句的述位,以此类推。数学上,把一些事物的全体称为集合,集合中的每个事物称为元素。对于两个集合A和B,如果A中的元素都在B中,则称A包含于B,记作A⊆B。如果B除包含A的所有元素外,还包含有A之外的元素,则称A真包含于B,记作A⊂B。下文将采用此种记号方法阐释各小句主述位间的关系。
(一)持续型主位推进模式
该模式指语篇中各小句有相同的主位,或者第一小句之后各小句主位都源自第一小句主位。可以用示意图表示为:
图1是对南洋在文献[6]中提出的主位延续模式的推广和延伸,不论第一小句后各小句的主位是包含或者是真包含于第一小句主位,它们都是持续性向前推进的,都属于此种模式。
图1 持续型主位推进模式结构图
例1 Volkswagen(VW) AG Chairman Ferdinand Piech (T1)poured cold water on the current craze for mergers and acquisitions in the auto sector——a trend the German car maker itself encouraged with no fewer than three acquisitions in the past year alone(R1). Speaking at the company’s annual news conference, Mr. Piech(T2) said he now believes that it is cheaper for companies to develop their own product lines rather than acquire fading brands(R2). He(T3said VW plans to go it alone in the truck sector(R3). Mr. Piech(T4) had previously been in the hunt for a truck maker to complete VW’s product range, and was in talks earlier this year with AB Volve about buying the Swedish company, but Volkswagen broke off those talks when it became clear that Volve was only selling its car division, which it eventually sold to Ford Motor Co, for $6.5 billion(R4). “We have been checking interesting acquisition targets over the past few years and have come to the conclusion that there wasn’t anything worthwhile,” Mr. Piech(T5) said. “All of the acquisitions I’ve seen in my time in the industry have been much more expensive than setting up a company from scratch(R5).”[16] 39
如图1标识所示,第一小句的主位是Volkswagen(VW)AG Chairman Ferdinand Piech,即大众汽车股份公司的总裁费迪南·皮耶希。之后各小句的主位用简称Mr. Piech 或者用he来指代。为避免语篇中Mr. Piech 重复出现,使用关系代词指代,既简约又符合英语的表达习惯。由此可见该语篇中各小句主位是包含关系,属于典型的持续型主位推进模式。
例2 The company(T1) responsible for bringing change to this rural outpost: China Mobile Ltd(R1). Since it was spun off from fixed-line operator China Telecom Corp. in 2000, China Mobile(T2) has grown into the world’s biggest cellular carrier(R2). The company(T3) is signing up nearly 5 million new customers a month and recently topped the 300 million mark-more than the entire population of the U.S(R3). In 2006, revenues(T4) grew 21%, to $37.8 billion, and net income 23%, to $8.7 billion, estimates Deutsche Bank(R4). And its Hong Kong-traded share(T5) more than doubled in the past year, giving China Mobile a market capitalization of $198 billion and making it the most valuable cellular carrier on earth(R5).The company(T6) also has global ambitions(R6): On Jan.22, it(T7) announced it was buying 89% of Paktel Ltd., Pakistan’s fifth-largest cellular carrier(R7). (FromChina’sMobile’sHotSingnalby Dexter Roberts, Business Week, February 5, 2007, P. 42)[16] 24
该语篇共七个小句。第一、三、六小句的主位都是The company,第二小句的主位China Mobile(中国移动)同指the company,第四小句的主位revenues意指the company的销售收入,第五小句的主位是its Hong Kong-traded shares ,其中it指代的还是the company, 与第七小句中的it相同。可见,该语篇各小句的主位不是the company,就是包含the company在内的名词短语。如图所示,该语篇首句之后各小句的主位包含于或真包含于首句之主位,而每句的述位却各不相同,让读者对中国移动公司有一个全面的了解,从而形成了一个有机的整体。
例3 New managers(T1) also need to realize they are responsible for recommending and initiating changes that will enhance their groups’ performance(R1). Often——and it(T2) comes as a surprise to most——this means challenging organizational processes or structures that exist above and beyond their area of formal authority(R2). Only when they understand this part of the job will they(T3) begin to address seriously their leadership responsibilities(R3). In fact, most new managers(T4) see themselves as targets of organizational change initiatives, implementing with their groups the changes ordered from above(R4). They(T5) don’t see themselves as change agents(R5). Hierarchical thinking and their fixation on the authority that comes with being the boss(T6) lead them to define their responsibilities too narrowly(R6). Consequently, they(T7) tend to blame flawed systems and the superiors directly responsible for those systems, for their teams’ setbacks-and they tend to wait for other people to fix the problems(R7)[16] 45.
虽然该语篇并不像上文两个语篇各小句的主位那么明显的保持一致,但仔细分析该语篇,可以发现各小句所谈论的主题都是new manager, 围绕的话题都是新经理的责任。有的小句的主位和第一句的主位完全相同,有的小句中只有主位的某一部分和第一小句的主位一致,有的小句主位用人称代词they来替代new managers,是一种真包含关系。
分析以上三个语篇发现:各小句从同一话题开始谈论, 每个小句的述位对这一话题进行多方面的阐释。从语法角度分析,分词短语、介词短语和插入语使得句式比较复杂,难以理解。而从语篇角度分析其主位推进模式发现,第一小句的主位统领整个语篇的主位,作者能集中语言对语篇的各小句主位,即语篇的重点描述对象,进行细致、全面、深刻地描述,极具逻辑性。如示意图1所示,各小句主位间存在包含或真包含关系,各主位将各小句紧密联系在一起,自然过渡,层层推进。这种模式能有效突出主题, 即首句主位。
以上三个语篇同属于商务报章杂志文章,该类商务语篇提供一般商务新闻或信息、专业商务知识和案例分析,其主要功能是信息功能。通过这种主位推进模式的应用,可发现作者试图从不同角度对同一主位或主位的某一部分进行讨论。虽然容纳的信息多,但是主题突出,一目了然,观点鲜明,极具逻辑性和说服力。在商务语篇中采用这种模式非但不会给读者造成阅读障碍,反而使读者在最短的时间内获取最多的信息,实现其信息功能。
(二)直线型主位推进模式(梯形或链状或环状主位推进模式)
为了更好地阐释这种模式,下文通过两个语篇给出此种类型主位推进模式的两种形式。先分别分析各语篇中小句的主述位是如何推进的,之后统一分析该模式对语篇构建的作用。
模式一:后面小句主位是第一小句述位,或是其某一部分,而末句述位又成为首句主位或是其一部分(见图2)。
图2 直线型主位推进模式示意图a
例4 One of the key elements of a successful marketing strategy(T1) is a thorough understanding of who your customers are and what “needs” they are looking to satisfy(R1). Customer groups or segments(T2) can be identified and each targeted with marketing activity that specifically addresses their particular needs(R2). In order to meet customer needs and remain competitive, it(T3) is important to identify and respond to any changes in customer needs and attitudes in your industry and in the broader economic climate(R3). It is therefore vital that(T4) you assess your business environment when developing your marketing strategy(R4)[16] 21.
在该有关市场策略的语篇中共有四个小句。其中,第一小句的述位R1较长,为了避免重复,只用了R1的一部分,即customer groups or segments 来做第二小句的主位T2,这样做是为了第一和第二小句间有效衔接。同理,当在R2中提到要考虑顾客特殊要求时,第三小句就以满足顾客要求做主位T3,而企业要采取的应对措施是述位R3。最后一小句用来总结开发市场策略在评估企业环境中至关重要,其述位R4的一部分developing your marketing strategy 正好是第一句主位T1的一部分,首尾呼应,如同形成了一个闭环,让语篇成为有机整体。
模式二:前一小句述位的一部分作为下一小句主位,末句述位包含或真包含于首句述位(见图3)。
图3 直线型主位推进模式示意图b
例5 There is still a sense in the markets(T1) that a strong economy means higher inflation, and a weak economy means lower inflation(R1). But over the past decade, the growth/inflation relationship(T2) has become a lot fuzzier, because the processes that influence inflation have changed drastically(R2). A lot of market folks(T3) still haven’t caught on, which can lead to misguided expectations about Federal Reserve policy and interest rates(R3). To begin with, the Fed(T4) has built enormous credibility as an inflation fighter, and central banks around the world have placed a new emphasis on inflation control(R4). These efforts(T5) have held down expectations of future inflation among both businesses and consumers(R5). With expectations more firmly anchored, it’s(T6) harder for inflation to spiral upward as an economy strengthens(R6). (ForAStrongerEconomy?Yes.HigherInflation? No by James C. Cooper, Business Week, February 5, 2007, P. 25)[16]23
语篇R1中涉及到通货膨胀,T2的一部分就是the growth/inflation relationship。R3提到对美联储政策和利率的错误的期待,而T4承接R3谈论联邦政府已采取的应对措施。紧接着T5中These efforts概括了前句中述位的内容,与之重合,而R5的中心词expectations又充当最后一句主位的一部分。
从图2与图3可知,上述两个语篇中的下一小句的主位包含或真包含第一句述位或者是前一小句述位,而该小句述位又会带出下一个小句中新的主位, 如此延续到末句述位的一部分,正好是首句主位或述位或是其部分内容,从而形成一个链状或环状结构。这样通过已知信息带动新信息, 内容上句句衔接、环环相扣,体现了事物或人物间的承接或递进关系。整个语篇行文条理清晰、井然有序。
(三)衍生型主位推进模式(或派生型或分裂型)
衍生型主位推进模式体现了一种分裂式的发展,后面若干小句的主位从前面小句中的主位或述位派生而来,常用于对同一主题的延展和多方位阐释。我们仅对由述位派生型给出以下示意图,主位派生型与之类似。
例6 There are a number of steps for member states to follow(T1) when bringing a case before the WTO dispute settlement system(R1). First, members in disagreement over a given issue(T2) are required to take part in consultations(R2). If consultations fail to settle a dispute, the member which brings the case(T3) has the right to request that a panel be established by the Dispute Settlement Body(R3). The responding country(T4) has the right to refuse the appointment of the first panel assigned; however, this is limited to the establishment of the first panel only(R4). Once appointed, the panel(T5) generally has 60 days to produce a final report(R5). Then the panel (T6) reports its findings to WTO members for reviews(R6). Finally, the Dispute Settlement Body(T7) has two months to adopt or reject the panel’s report(R7). Both member states of a dispute(T8) have the ability to appeal panel findings(R8). This(T9) makes the dispute settlement process longer, often for 3-4 months(R9).[16]26
该语篇是有关世贸组织成员国如何提交案件给争端解决体系。第一小句统领全篇。从第二小句到第九小句具体解释世贸组织争端解决应遵循哪三个步骤。分别使用First、Then和Finally来详述这三个步骤。虽然后面八个小句中,各小句主位和述位并未出现第一小句的主位或述位或其主述位的一部分,但都是由第一小句衍生而成的,即解释世贸组织解决争端的具体步骤。图4用Tx、Ty、Tz来泛指由首句述位分裂出来的小句主位,不具体指哪一小句主位,因为x句后可能还会有多个小句对该句展开讨论或叙述,其主位推进模式可以是上述任何模式之一,在此不作展开。y,z句同理。采取此种从首句主位或述位分裂成多句主位模式的优势是可以避免同一主位的重复和堆砌,其核心作用是使得语篇的行文简洁流畅,符合商务语篇的行文特点。
图4 衍生型主位推进模式示意图
三、结语
本文通过分析六篇商务英语语篇的主位及主位推进模式发现,虽然商务语篇的信息容量大,但根据结构示意图的展示与分析,可以发现其句式并不复杂,各小句通过主位和述位的关系有机衔接,组织成一个语义完整的语篇。本文作者希望通过结构图示研究分析主位推进模式商务语篇,便于读者从大局掌握其语义,有效缩短阅读时间,提高阅读理解的准确率和效率;同时文中的结构图示也可为商务英语的学习者和研究者提供了新的理论视角和研究途径。
本文选用的分析语料仅限英文商务语篇,通过结构图示辅助剖析其主位推进模式,让读者对语篇的结构和发展一目了然。今后可尝试通过对比来研究英汉两种语言中商务语篇所用主位推进模式类型的区别及联系,究其成因,并探寻相关翻译策略应用,以期启发商务英语阅读及翻译教学,引起教师对相关内容研究的关注,指导英汉商务语篇互译实践,提升学习者翻译能力。