动词不定式用法小结

崔保林

动词不定式（infinitive）作为非谓语动词的一种形式，近几年在高考英语试题中出现频率非常高，是高考的必考考点。现就动词不定式的意义、结构和句法功能等做简要小结。

一、意义

在英语语法中，动词不定式是指动词中的一种不带词形变化从而不表示人称、数量、时态的一种形式。它之所以被称作不定式，是因为动词不被限定，或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词形式。

动词不定式有两种形式，一种是带to的不定式，另外一种是不带to的不定式。

二、结构

[ 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done ]

三、句法功能

1. 做主语

（1） 不定式直接做主语

① To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience.

② To be cycling in a sandstorm is frightening.

（2） it做形式主语，to do sth.做真正的主语

不定式短语做主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常常用it做形式主语，to do sth.放在后面，做真正的主语。

① It is difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill.

② However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.

③ It took years of work to reduce the industrial pollution and clean the water.

2. 做宾语

（1） 固定搭配

很多动词后跟动词不定式做宾语，常见的动词有afford， agree， choose， decide， desire， expect， fail， hope， intend， plan， manage， promise， pretend， refuse等。

① Every year about 40，000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro， the highest mountain in Africa.

② But Sarah， who has taken part in shows along with top models， wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

③ I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver， but he refused to stop until we reached the next stop.

（2） it做形式賓语，to do sth.做真正的宾语

① Berners-Lee   made   it   possible  for

everyone to use the Internet， not just universities and the army.

② He made it a rule to finish his work before watching TV.

3. 做表语

① Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of “desertification”.

② My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.

③ Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

4. 做定语

不定式做定语可用来修饰人和物，一般放在被修饰词的后面。不定式做定语时，中心词一般被序数词，最高级，the last，the only等修饰。

① When Yang took off from Jiuquan in northwest China at 9 am yesterday， China became the third nation to send a man into space.

② In 1931， Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

③ I am the only person in my family to have been in a sandstorm.

5. 做宾语补足语

（1） 带to的不定式做宾语补足语，常用的动词有ask， want， allow， order， advise， warn， encourage， require等，都是固定搭配，在平时的复习中要多积累。

① He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀） about themselves.

② Once his message was delivered， he allowed me to stay and watch.

③ When a sandstorm arrives in the city， weather experts advise people not to go out.

（2）不帶to的不定式做宾语补足语，这些动词一般是感官动词和使役动词，如see， watch， hear， feel， notice， observe， let， make， have等。

① While running regularly can t make you live forever， the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking， cycling or swimming.

② What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.

6. 做状语

（1） 动词不定式可做原因状语

① My father was out of the city when the sandstorm came. He was very glad to miss it.

② Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，   and  are  expensive  to  perform

consistently over a large area.

（2） 动词不定式可做结果状语

① When a new day breaks， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day.

② We shared the belief that if you re fortunate enough to have success， you should put something back.

（3） 动词不定式可做目的状语

动词不定式做目的状语在高考中最为常考，在平时的英语学习中也最为常见，这是同学们学习的重中之重。

① Another reason for corn s rise： The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality.

② Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to create special designs.

③ To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book.

④ To enjoy the convenience of digital payment， many senior citizens started to use smart phones.

⑤ During the Mid-Autumn Festival， family members often gather together to share a meal， admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.

7. 疑问词+to do

① A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you ll love to live in.

② The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others， not just communicate with them.

③ They always tell me what to do and how to do it.

在高中阶段的英语学习中，动词不定式是一个重点，也是考点，我们要在语境中进一步加深对动词不定式的理解与掌握。

四、巩固练习

用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

1. It takes a lot for any student， especially for a student who is learning English as their new language， to feel confident enough___________（say）， I don t know， but I want___________（know）.

2. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning___________（read） and speak in public. He wants these kids___________（learn） to boast （夸耀） about themselves.

3. The team hopes___________（make） it to market in the near future.

4. During the rosy years of elementary school， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me___________（keep） my high social status.

5. The provincial government and its partners offer many programs___________（help） students find summer jobs.

6. For Hill， it is impossible not___________（talk） about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.

7. It had been possible （but not easy）___________（buy） single copies of newspapers before 1830， but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer s office to purchase a copy.

8. You don t have to run fast or for long___________（see） the benefit.

9. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen___________（get） the ball rolling.

10. In 1931， Addams became the first American woman___________（win） the Nobel Peace Prize.

（答案略）