主谓一致五注意(一)
2020-09-10贾杏园李晓梦
贾杏园 李晓梦
一、注意主语为单数名词的主谓一致问题
一般来说,当主语为单数名词时,根据语法一致原则,谓语动词也采用单数形式。
A merger is a combination of two or more businesses under a single management.
然而,情况并不总是如此,请看下列选择题:
(1)The committee (is/are)of the opinion that the time is inopportune.
(2)Good and bad butter (is/are)things quite different to our taste.
(3)More educators than one (wants/want)to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to enriching educational experiences for a five-year period.
以上句子中的主语从形式上看无一不是单数,如果按照语法一致原则,谓语动词应选择单数形式。然而,若仔细研究,这些单数形式的名词在意义上都为复数。因此,如果按照意义一致原则,谓语动词应采用复数形式。那么,在这种情况下究竟应遵循哪一种原则?答案是,優先考虑意义一致原则,即谓语动词选择复数形式。
从以上例句也可归纳出以下三条规则:
1.当主语在形式上是单数但意义为复数时,根据意义一致原则,谓语动词采用复数形式。(见例1)
2.当主语为“形容词+and+形容词+单数名词”结构时,根据意义一致原则,谓语动词采用复数形式。(见例2)
3.当主语为“more+复数名词+than one”结构时,根据意义一致原则,谓语动词采用复数形式。(见例3)
俗话说,任何规则都有例外。下面两条规则中的“例外”十分重要,需要牢牢记住。
1.当主语为“more than one+单数名词”结构时,尽管有复数之意,谓语动词仍采用单数形式。
More than one researcher is investigating a series of indicators that could help them to predict earthquakes.
2.同样,当主语为“many a+单数名词”结构时,尽管也有复数之意,谓语动词仍采用单数形式。
(1)Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.
(2)Many a chalet covers the bare hillsides.
二、注意主语为复数名词的主谓一致问题
当主语为复数名词时,根据语法一致原则,谓语动词一般采用复数形式。
Maine’s abundant forests have made it a haven for many kinds of wildlife.
然而,也有例外。请看下列例句:
(1)Billiards is one of his favorite games.
(2)Ten years is a moment in history.
(3)A hundred miles is a long distance.
(4)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.
以上句子中的主语尽管都是复数形式,但谓语动词却均采用了单数形式。这是因为:
1.当主语形式上是复数但意义为单数时,根据意义一致原则,谓语动词仍采用单数形式。(见例1)
2.当主语为表示时间、距离、度量等复数名词时,往往根据意义一致原则,谓语动词要采用单数形式。(见例2、例3)
3.当主语为“a series of, a portion of, a kind of等+名词(常为复数名词)”结构时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致原则采用单数形式。(见例4)
但是,当主语为“lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等+名词”结构时,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于其后名词的单、复数形式。如果名词是单数形式,动词也采用单数形式;如果名词是复数形式,动词也采用复数形式。
(1)Lots of industrial psychologists are concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche.
(2)Lots of work needs to be done at the moment.
三、注意主语为并列结构的主谓一致问题
1.当主语为and ,both…and连接的两个名词词组时,根据语法一致原则,谓语动词用复数形式。
The visitors and the guide have whirled through the gloomy villages.
但是,当并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时,根据意义一致原则,谓语动词用单数形式。
(1)Trial and error is the source of knowledge.
(2)If law and order is not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.
2.当主语前或后跟有with,along with ,together with,as well as,as much as,accompanied by,rather than,more than,no less than,besides,except, like,plus, including, in addition to等引导的词组时,谓语动词的单、复数形式依照语法一致原则,取决于主语的单、复数形式。如果主语为单数形式,动词用单数形式;如果主语为复数形式,动词用复数形式。
(1)The hostess dressed in her finest costume, together with the guests of honor,was seated comfortably in the living room.
(2)The congressmen, accompanied by secret service agents and aids, are prepared to enter the conventional hall.
3.当主语为each…and each…,every…and every…等结构时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Each man and each woman has good reasons to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
4.當主语为not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor或or连接的并列主语时,根据就近原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式。
On most American farms, one or two principal products are raised for a cash crop.