看中考解析现在完成时(二)
2020-09-10刘素庚
刘素庚
现在完成时常见的三种句型
①主语 + have / has been + 动词的过去分词+for + 时间段
②主语 + have / has been+动词的过去分词+ since从句
③It has been + 时间段+ since从句
现在完成时与表示一段时间的状语如since或for连用时,现在完成时中的动词用延续性动词,不可用终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。例:
不能说:He has joined the League for three years.
应说:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已3年了。
中考试题(2019·湖北·随州) —Your new bike is so nice!When did you buy it?
—In July,I it for two weeks.
A. had B. have had C. have bought D. bought
剖析:由for two weeks可知句子中应用一般现在完成时且动词应用buy的延续动词have。所以要选B。
【知识回顾】
1. 延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn,work,stand,keep,have,wait,sleep,live,stay等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,get to,leave,move,borrow,lend,die,buy,join,get up等。
2. 延续性动词和终止性动词的用法
1)延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。表示“时间段”的短语有:for two years,during the past three years,since last year,how long等。例:
I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2)终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此也可用于现在完成时。例:
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?
3)终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。例:
他死了三年了。误:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.
4)终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,这时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。例:
He hasn’t left here since 1986.
5)终止性动词可转换为相应的延续性动词,下面列举几例:
leave→ be away,borrow→ keep,buy→ have,begin/start →be on,die→ be dead,move to→ live in,finish → be over,join →be in/be a member of,fall ill→ be ill,get up→ be up,catch a cold→ have a cold。
6)終止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词要用延续性动词。例:
When we reached London,it was twelve o’clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词)
7)终止性动词用完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:
误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?
【拓展延伸】
have gone to,have been to ,have been in 的区别:
have gone to :去了没回(单程),例:
Tom has gone to New York,he hasn’t returned yet. 汤姆已经去了纽约,还没回来。
have been to :去过(有一种往返的感觉在里面),例:
I have been to the flower market. I bought a lot of flower.
我去了趟花市。我买了许多花。(买到后回家了)
have been in:待了很久(持续性状态),例:
The boys have been in London since mid-December.
从12月中旬男孩们就一直待在伦敦。(状态持续了很久)