上皮特异性黏附分子在肿瘤中的表达研究进展
2020-09-02许华丽朱柯冯燕
许华丽 朱柯 冯燕
【摘要】 上皮特异性黏附分子(epithelial cell adhesion molecule,Ep-CAM)一种分子量为37KDa的Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,介导上皮特异性细胞间黏附,局限性表达于正常组织上皮基底膜处,相关于细胞信号传递、迁移、增殖和分化等。不少研究者在肿瘤发生机制研究中发现Ep-CAM大量表达于快速增长的上皮性或上皮源性肿瘤组织中,参与Wnt信号转导通路,与肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭、转移及预后有着密切联系,目前已成为肿瘤早期诊断和免疫靶向治疗的候选分子。本文就Ep-CAM的生物学特性及近年来其在相关肿瘤的研究进展做一综述,期望对肿瘤的早期诊断、治疗和预后有所帮助。
【关键词】 肿瘤 Ep-CAM 肿瘤干细胞 肿瘤标记物
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.16.069 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1674-6805(2020)16-0-03
Progression of the Research of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Express in Cancer/XU Huali, ZHU Ke, FENG Yan. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(16): -171
[Abstract] Epithelial adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 37KDa mediates the adhesion of epithelial-specific intercellular. Ep-CAM localized express at the epithelial basement membrane of normal tissues which is associated with the signaling, migration, proliferation and differentiation of cells. Lots of researchers have found that Ep-CAM is abundantly expressed in rapidly growing epithelial or epithelial-derived tumor tissues and is involved in Wnt signal transduction pathway, which is closely related to tumorigenesis, development, invasion, metastasis and prognosis. Ep-CAM has become a candidate molecule for the early diagnosis and immuno-targeted therapy of tumor. This article mainly reviews the biological characteristics of Ep-CAM and the recent research progress of it related to tumors, and hoping to be helpful for the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of tumors.
[Key words] Tumor Ep-CAM TSC Tumor marker
First-authors address: Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang 621000, China
上皮屏障功能主要由上皮细胞间的紧密连接决定,生理条件下,细胞黏附起着至关重要的作用,当上皮细胞接触相邻细胞时,将会影响细胞的遷移、增殖和分化等功能,即为接触性抑制[1]。然而在肿瘤中,接触性抑制的丧失会导致细胞不可控制的增殖和运动,进而侵犯邻近组织器官甚至远处转移[2]。细胞黏附主要由跨膜细胞黏附分子(cell adhesion molecule,CAM)介导的同种或异种细胞与细胞之间及细胞与基质之间的相互作用,参与细胞迁移,细胞周期,细胞信号及生物体发育和组织再生期间的形态,而Ep-CAM,主要以多聚体的形式广泛的表达于上皮细胞的表面,功能不仅限于细胞黏附,包括细胞迁移,增殖和分化等过程[3-4],并参与钙粘蛋白-连环蛋白及WNT信号通路密,调节Myc等原癌基因的表达[3,5-6],且因其已被证实为一种上皮性肿瘤的特异性抗原,目前已经成为肿瘤免疫治疗的一个重要靶点。
1 Ep-CAM的基因、分子结构、功能
1.1 Ep-CAM的基因
Ep-CAM是肿瘤相关钙信号转导1(tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1, TACSTD1)基因编码,TACSTD1位于人类2号染色体(2p21)[7],大小约为14 kb,由9个外显子组成,其成熟mRNA长度约为1.5 kb,其中外显子9主要编码细胞内区的3端的非翻译区内有两个重要的基因序列,包括与炎性介质相关的TTATTTAT极可能是原癌基因、细胞因子等特异性降解信使的ATTTA。启动子区含有刺激蛋白1及激活蛋白1两个结合位点,无TATA和CAAT盒结构[8]。
1.2 Ep-CAM的分子结构
人类Ep-CAM是由314个氨基酸组成的多肽[7],由胞外区、单次跨膜区和胞内区三部分构成,胞外结构域(extracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule,EpEX)主要负责Ep-CAM分子的同源性细胞间的黏附[9]。细胞内结构域(intracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule,EpICD)是由26个氨基酸构成的短肽,其包含一个NPXY内化基序和两个α-辅肌动蛋白(α-actin)结合位点,能结合肌动蛋白,进而和细胞骨架相互作用[10]。
1.3 Ep-CAM的功能及表達
Ep-CAM为非钙离子依赖性上皮特异性黏附分子,通常缺乏细胞间的相互作用。研究表明,在人结肠上皮细胞和上皮细胞系中,Ep-CAM不存在于细胞间的紧密连接、细胞-基质黏结或桥粒处,而部分与E-钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin,E-cad)共同定位于细胞侧膜处[11]。Ep-CAM能够抑制由E-cad介导的细胞间黏附,E-cad能γ-,α-,和β-连环素(γ-catenin,α-catenin,β-catenin)相互作用,形成钙粘蛋白-连环素(cadherin-catenin)复合体,并能通过α-catenin连接到肌动蛋白细胞骨架,然后与其他蛋白结合形成复合体[12]。钙粘蛋白-连环素复合体状态的稳定对建立和维持上皮细胞极性,调节上皮组织的形态发生、细胞增殖和细胞凋亡,正常的细胞-细胞间黏附和内环境稳定都是至关重要。由于Ep-CAM含有两个α-actin结合位点,能够和肌动蛋白结合,破坏α-catenin和f-肌动蛋白间的结合,削弱E-cad介导细胞间黏附的功能,调节细胞增殖、分化,甚至导致上皮细胞层次的紊乱,改变细胞性质,向更具移动功能的间质细胞转换,也即诱发上皮-间质转换(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT),参与肿瘤的发展、侵袭和远处转移[13-14]。敲除小鼠的能表达E-cad的树突状朗格汉斯细胞中的Ep-CAM基因后,发现细胞的黏附性增强且细胞的迁移和运动性相对减弱。这些发现表明在生理状态下,Ep-CAM的抗粘连效应可能在形态发生和组织再生过程中起着重要调节和协调作用,然而在肿瘤中这一过程被破坏后Ep-CAM可能作为细胞间黏附的负调节剂进而促进癌细胞侵袭和转移[15]。此外Ep-CAM的糖基化状态亦可能影响其黏附功能,研究发现在健康组织中Ep-CAM处于非糖基化状态,而癌症组织或异常增生的组织中Ep-CAM却处于高糖基化状态[16]。
Ep-CAM在某些组织结构的分化成熟过程中,Ep-CAM的表达模式是动态变化的[17]。在人的胚胎早期,除胸腺外,上皮组织都有Ep-CAM基因的表达。机体发育成熟后,除肝细胞和鳞状上皮以外的所有上皮组织中Ep-CAM基因都有程度不一的表达,在结缔组织、脑组织、造血系统来源和血管内皮细胞中并没有Ep-CAM的明显表达。
2 Ep-CAM与肿瘤
2.1 Ep-CAM在肿瘤中的表达
国内外的众多研究表明,Ep-CAM在癌症组织中的表达异常,可上调、下调或原本不表达的组织重新表达,Ep-CAM在中胚层和外胚层起源的肿瘤组织中不表达,例如神经源性肿瘤,黑色素瘤,肉瘤或各种淋巴瘤[18]。但是Ep-CAM通常在增生的上皮组织中阳性表达,且在多种上皮相关性肿瘤中高表达,在结肠直肠癌、肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等均显示出高比例的强阳性,且与肿瘤的分化程度、转移和复发相关[19-21]。研究通过小RNA干扰下调乳腺癌细胞中Ep-CAM的表达后发现,能明显降低乳腺癌细胞的增殖、转移和侵袭能力[22]。目前Ep-CAM已被作为食管癌中癌前病损Barrett食管化生的有效敏感指标[23]。然而成熟鳞状上皮组织本不表达Ep-CAM,鳞状上却在皮癌症中其表达亦呈强阳性,且分化程度越低,阳性表达越强,除此之外,Ep-CAM在肿瘤细胞中的分布于肿瘤类型是相关的,例如在结肠癌细胞中,高分化者其表达均匀分布于基底外侧,中度分化者则主要分布于细胞膜、细胞质。
2.2 Ep-CAM在肿瘤发生发展中的作用机制
目前关于Ep-CAM在肿瘤发生发展中作用机制的研究比较局限,其主要可能的机制主要包括以下几个方面:(1)肿瘤组织中Ep-CAM的过表达,将它与E-cad在细胞间黏附调节的功能平衡被打破,大大削弱E-cad介导的细胞间黏附,诱发EMT,并且Ep-CAM可以对凋亡因子进行负调节,进而促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、移动和远中转移[13-14]。(2)Ep-CAM通过影响Wnt/β-catenin经典信号通路来调节c-myc等原癌基因、细胞周期蛋白A/E等基因的表达以影响细胞周期,刺激细胞循环和增殖,其中c-myc原癌基因的过表达可以促进健康细胞向恶性转化[3,24-25]。
(3)Ep-CAM能够促进来源于某些特定肿瘤的癌细胞脱落入血,远处转移。(4)Ep-CAM可以阻断DC的主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)Ⅱ限制性抗原的呈递、并且促进Th细胞2的分化,使CD4+T细胞发生功能缺陷和免疫逃逸,进而促进肿瘤的发生、发展和迁徙。
2.3 Ep-CAM与肿瘤干细胞
肿瘤干细胞(tumorstemcell,TSC)为肿瘤组织中具有自我更新潜能且能产生异质性肿瘤细胞的细胞,与肿瘤生长与转移等过程密切相关。近年来TSC特异性及其相关的细胞表面标志物成为目前研究的热点,有研究显示,Ep-CAM在前列腺癌干细胞中有表达,并且其表达与前列腺癌细胞的增殖、致瘤性、转移及放化疗抵抗有关[26]。此外Ep-CAM也是食管癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等肿瘤的肿瘤干细胞表面标记物[23]。Ep-CAM作为TSC的表面标志物,目前以Ep-CAM为靶点抗肿瘤治疗应用于胃癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌等肿瘤的临床治疗都在陆续开展[27-29]。例如抗Ep-CAM鼠来源单克隆抗体Edrecoloimab已经在德国被批准上市,主要用于结直肠癌和乳腺癌的治疗[30];Catumaxomab是已被国际认证的抗Ep-CAM和CD3的双特异性嵌合抗体,以腹腔注射的方式治疗Ep-CAM+和CD3+的肿瘤疗效良好[31],如胃癌腹腔转移、卵巢癌腹腔转移和腹腔内的上皮源性肿瘤。
2.4 Ep-CAM与肿瘤的诊断与预后
Ep-CAM作为上皮的特异性黏附分子,其表达与否可以用于确定肿瘤是否来源于上皮组织,因此成为诊断上皮源性肿瘤的标志物之一[32]。运用ELISA等方法检测患者体液中Ep-CAM 的表达水平可以为一些肿瘤的诊断提供帮助,同时也可以运用同种方式来监测肿瘤术后患者的体液中Ep-CAM水平来判断肿瘤患者的预后,提高患者的预后生存期,以期降低肿瘤复发率[33-34]。运用免疫组化学的方式检测患者肿瘤组织中Ep-CAM表达强度能够预估肿瘤的预后并且可以指导治疗计划的制定。
綜上,Ep-CAM作为上皮性肿瘤标志物,与肿瘤的发生、发展、转移、侵袭性密切相关,并且与患者生存期的长短关系密切,以Ep-CAM为靶点的抗Ep-CAM单克隆抗体运用对于上皮源性肿瘤的治疗有重大帮助,且术后患者体液中Ep-CAM水平的检测对监测肿瘤的转移、复发、预后、指导临床治疗也具有重要参考价值。目前期望Ep-CAM能够在更多的如头颈部及颌面部上皮性肿瘤得到更广泛的研究和应用,对更多恶性肿瘤的诊疗提供依据和手段。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-13) (本文編辑:郎序莹)