闹市中的大宅藏着杭州的文脉
2020-08-14宋浩
宋浩
一句诗,推开了杭州闹市中一座古宅的大门,听到了一个绵延400年的书香世家的故事。
“须知少年凌云志,曾许人间第一流。”2020年7月初,北京大学寄语高考考生的这句诗在网上引来热议。
这首诗的作者吴庆坻(读chi,1848~1924年),字子修,晚号“补松老人”,杭州人。著有《补松庐文录》《悔余生诗》《蕉廊脞录》《辛亥殉难记》,参与过《杭州府志》《浙江通志》的编纂。在杭州下城区紧临新华路南端的岳官巷里,有一座黛瓦白墙的大宅门,人称吴宅,就是他的老家。
吴氏自明中晚期从徽州迁至杭州。从钱塘吴氏走出的吴家人,除了吴庆坻,还有官至云贵总督的吴振棫,有《清史稿》总纂之一吴士鉴……
吴宅记忆
新华路一头紧接丝绸市场,一头是热闹的庆春路。这条并不宽的马路,绿荫如盖,沿街店铺一家挨着一家,充满着市井烟火气。
在靠近庆春路的路口,有一条岳官巷,吴宅就藏在这里面,它也是杭州现存规模最大、保存最完整的明代古宅。
这座大宅门外表看起来不起眼,但在百年前,吴宅占地近八亩,南北长108米,东西宽约80米,是三路五进的大宅子,内有10多座屋宇。
吴家后人自廷字辈起,分散天涯各处,下一代中像吴云这样从小在吴宅长大的并不多。
吴云出生于1953年,講起小时候在吴宅的生活,眼中全是回忆:“每天一早起来摘无花果吃,晚上就在院子里纳凉,数星星、讲故事。秋天打桂花腌桂花,采了葡萄,一家家分过来。”
她数起吴宅里一个个堂厅的名字,就像相声贯口:大厅守敦堂,二厅道福堂,三厅肇新堂,还有花宜馆、锡祉堂、载德堂、补松庐、四宜轩、竹园。每个地方都有一个庭院。
印象最深刻的是花宜馆,俗称“花厅”。这里有假山、池塘、玉兰花、腊梅花、桂花、夜来香、枫树、枇杷树、无花果、瓶儿花树……“花厅进门是回廊美人靠,边上有石笋和芭蕉,墙上有两个雕花石窗,透过去可以看到假山……池塘边有棵腊梅花,左面种着一棵枇杷树,我哥哥会偷爬上去采,听到奶奶脚步声就不敢动了……”
这些童年记忆,在60年后,都被吴云用画笔一笔笔画在了手绘册上。2017年,吴家迎来近一个世纪后的大重聚,商讨重修年谱。回到吴宅,当年的花厅已经见不到了,吴云凭借记忆,重现了早已湮灭于岁月中的院落。
对照族谱中的20世纪30年代吴宅平面图,如今的吴宅只剩原来的1/3大。
吴宅起初并不姓吴,这座宅子始建于明万历年间(1573~1620年),由山东人殳(shū)云桥、殳云山兄弟修建。因为殳云桥担任过学官(教育系统官员),所以巷子就被叫为
“学官巷”,杭州方言“学”“岳”同音,后来讹传为“岳官巷”。
从文保相关部门了解到,以前的吴宅分东、中、西三部分建筑,中部和东部是在明代基础上扩建而成的,西部则为清代建筑。
殳氏之后,宅子几经转手,清咸丰年间,被吴振棫(1790~1870年,字仲云)买下,从此姓吴。
大院生活
新中国成立后,吴家廷字辈一代16个兄弟大多到了外地,在北京、西安、兰州、舟山、贵州等地工作和学习,吴宅空了很多房子,渐渐有一些远房亲戚或朋友住进来,比如“金家、赵家、沈家、孙家、詹家、袁家、王家”。
康先生是赵家的外孙,小时候就跟在外祖父母身边生活。花厅也是他小时候的乐园。他与吴廷璹的外孙吴伟雄相差一岁,是很好的玩伴,两个男伢儿常在花园里躲猫猫,几十年后两人各奔东西,远隔重洋仍保持着联系。有一条长廊他们印象深刻,那就是吴庆坻《蕉廊脞录》中的“蕉廊”,以前种着芭蕉。
孙女士1945年出生,20世纪50年代初搬进了吴宅,住在三厅一楼。“宅子里面非常考究,地上木板都是一整大块的,窗户上面是一块一块的明瓦,大概是石英做的,不是普通的玻璃。”因为屋窗都很高,家里就备一个很高的梯子,专门用来打扫房子。
吴宅里头考究的地方远不止此。
在曾字辈吴曾询的记述里,吴宅全院无雨路,所有通道都有防雨檐。也就是说,下雨天从大厅下轿之后,到各处厅、堂、馆可以不淋雨、不湿鞋。
这座宅子风格朴素、含蓄、内敛。吴家后人在回忆录中这样写道:“吴宅进门后,竟是意想不到的简朴和与高雅,看不到一般豪宅复杂的雕刻与绘画,一排排玻璃高窗,简单的格子窗棂,楼下厅堂折叠式的木门既可拉长为墙,又可折缩为门,围墙之内,没有一般门和墙的压近的拘束。”
吴家兄弟中吴廷璹留守在杭州老宅,因为他排行第五,孙女士小时候就叫他五伯伯。“五伯伯是医生,开一间诊所,我小时候生病,妈妈就带我去他那里配药。”
就这样,一直到20世纪80年代,吴宅里住进了四五十户人家。但在吴家人吴云还有房客孙女士的记忆里,童年的大杂院生活美好又亲切——大家住一起挺热闹,过年过节送盘饺子、送串粽子,“有好东西会互相分享,下雨天家里没人,邻居老人家会帮你收衣服。”夏天夜晚,各家都在院子和檐下吃饭、乘凉。邻里关系你来我往,其乐融融。照孙女士的话讲,住过吴宅的孩子,都知道读书的重要。“要知道从小耳朵听到的就是,这家人出了多少读书人。”
文保单位
吴女士是20世纪80年代结婚后住进吴宅的,在她孩子出生、念书至初中毕业这期间,大院里的人家一户户搬出了吴宅。
吴宅当时已经列为文保单位,各家不能做改动,不能装空调。像卫生间、洗澡间都是共用的,不是很方便。
1995年,杭州市文物部门对吴宅进行了修缮。4年后,经过修缮、面貌一新的吴宅重新出现在人们面前,成为杭州市传统工艺馆、杭州市文物监管品交易市场,大到古董家具、小到书画印石,在这里都能淘到。
进入21世纪,知道“钱塘吴氏”的人已经不多了,但还是有不少杭州人会来这里走走看看,欣赏一下这座明代宅院的自然之美、简朴之美。
如今,吴宅继20世纪末大修后又迎来一次修葺。西湖风景区管委会凤凰山管理处的工作人员表示,预计2020年底能完工,之后吴宅将作为杭州市政协文史馆。
吴氏族谱
厚厚两大本的《钱塘吴氏族谱》详尽记录了吴家自安徽休宁迁杭后的每一代世系,同时附录了先祖的诗文手札,甚至科考试卷。
从1980年起,历经三代吴家人,这套《钱塘吴氏族谱》修了40年。吴廷珷(wǔ)老人是亲历者之一。
他说自己是从哥哥吴廷瑑(zhuàn)手里接过修族谱的接力棒的。
吴廷瑑,吴家迁杭后第13世孙,生于1919年,青年时期正逢战火纷飞的年代。学医的他,在抗战中随学校内迁,最后留在贵州工作。20世纪80年代初退休后,吴廷瑑每隔几年就回一趟杭州,到浙江图书馆翻阅古籍,他要整理祖先的年谱。当时,吴家先人的很多文献资料都捐赠给了图书馆。
“他从小在祖父身边长大,当时祖父写大字,我哥哥就在旁研墨铺纸侍奉。他还经常去孩儿巷的外祖父家住,我们的外祖父是著名画家、出版人高野侯。”吴廷珷说,耳濡目染之下,哥哥古文功底极好,也听过很多家族故事。
最终,吴廷瑑完成了《钱塘吴仲云先生年谱》,记录了先祖吴振棫的人生经历。
但吴廷瑑并不是吴家修谱的第一人,追溯上去,前面还有吴廷瑑的叔祖吴士鐈。
吴士鐈是吴廷瑑祖父吴士鉴的弟弟,吴庆坻的次子,生于1902年。
新中国成立后他任上海历史文献图书馆馆员,在目录学家顾廷龙先生手下工作。晚年,吴士鐈编了《钱塘吴氏家乘》,但内容不够完善,去世之前,他把这个使命留给了后辈。
这个后辈,是吴士鉴的长房长孙吴廷瑜。
但当时,吴廷瑜也已年迈,又因患有白内障,极不方便。他继续整理出一份《钱塘吴氏简明家谱》。78岁的吴廷瑜最后遗憾地写道:因旁支各房久失联系,仓促编制,未能分径征询补入,殊欠完备。希望吾族人能充实之,以冀源远流长焉。
这根接力棒,又交到了五弟吴廷璹(shú)手里。吴廷瑜的女儿吴春华从西安回到杭州后,五叔吴廷璹把她父亲的遗稿给她看,希望她把修家谱的事做下去。
2017年,吴家后人通过网络渐渐汇拢在一起,共同编了《钱塘吴氏族谱》,共同保存起这个大家族的记忆。
书香世家
吴家,原籍徽州休宁(今属黄山市),明代中后期迁杭定居。
吴家出过声名显赫的总督,也出过不少进士,而在吴廷珷看来,书香门第这四字更能代表家族的荣光——吴家几代人,有好几位的名字都能在《清史稿》中看到,他们的身份是诗人、史学家、文化教育官员,不是著書做学问,就是办学搞教育。
清代乾隆时,吴颢被写进《清史稿》。他曾任遂昌县学训导,官虽然做得不大,但他编著的《国朝杭郡诗辑》汇集了清初到乾隆末杭州诗人的作品,对清代诗歌整理、文献保存意义重大。
吴颢的孙子吴振棫在吴颢的基础上又完成了《国朝杭郡诗续辑》,同为杭州人的丁申、丁丙兄弟又完成了《国朝杭郡诗三辑》。在清代诗歌史上,这是地域性文学兴起的重要例证。
吴振棫还是清朝道光、咸丰年间的重臣,官至云贵总督。他著有《养吉斋丛录》,记载了他官宦生涯中了解到的清代掌故、国家制度、饮食服饰等,被历代学者推崇,直至今日,中华书局、浙江古籍出版社等还有再版。
写下“曾许人间第一流”的诗人吴庆坻是吴振棫的孙子,他曾在杭州西湖边的诂经精舍跟随经学大师俞樾学习,后来任四川学政、湖南学政。
如果再翻翻吴庆坻的朋友圈,会发现他的挚交都是王先谦、樊增祥、沈曾植、陈三立、缪荃孙、刘承干这些大家。
清代最后一位家长吴士鉴,是《清史稿》的总纂之一,负责了《表》《志》以及《王公列传》等部分的撰写。
吴颢、吴庆坻、吴士鉴是教育官员,吴振棫晚年回杭州,在万松书院教书,家中世代以读书为业,走科举正途出身。在文学、史学、政治上都有建树的吴家,是当时杭州城里数一数二的书香世家。
辛亥革命后,吴士鉴的四个儿子中,大儿子吴秉澂(chéng)、二儿子吴承湜(shí)都是京师译学馆(后并入北京大学)毕业,再下面的这两代,也几乎都是大学生。
吴云是吴士鉴的曾孙女,吴秉澂的孙女。
2017年3月,吴家后人在吴宅相聚,共同商讨修族谱的事。在这之前,吴家人在杭州、北京有过聚会,但这次是第一次全族人从世界各地回到杭州的聚会。“当初我们哥几个说好要落叶归根的。”曾字辈的吴熹(曾訢)还记得四伯父吴廷瓌(gui)对他说过的这句话。
他们来寻找家族的根——当年吴庆坻书写的那封家信,现在每个家庭都有一份复印本,视为传家宝各自保存。这近一个世纪的分离、奋斗、重聚,是大国小家的情怀,是书香世家继而不绝的家风。
(本文图片,除注明出处外,均为林云龙摄)
An Ancient Housein Hangzhou Illustrates Family Tradition
By Song Hao
The Wus Residence hidden somewhere on Xinhua Road in downtown Hangzhou is the largest and best preserved courtyard house of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in the city. The residence is much smaller than it was about 100 years ago. Back then, it was about 108 meters long from the south to the north and about 80 meters wide from the east to the west. It had 5 rows of houses punctuated by gardens. The Wu family came to Hangzhou from Huizhou, Anhui Province during the Ming Dynasty. Back then, the family produced quite a few big names including Wu Zhenyu who served as Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General, Wu Qingdi who was a poet, and Wu Shijian, one of the chief editors of the .
Wu Yun, born in 1953 and a resident of Hangzhou, remembers her childhood years in the compound residence. She remembers summer evenings when family members sat in courtyard, counting stars and hearing stories. She remembers autumnal days when sweet osmanthus flower petals were collected and pickled in sugar. Afterwards, the sugared petals would be distributed among family members. Wu knows the layout of the residence and can cite the names of all these houses, halls, gardens. Some residents remember that the whole compound was connected with roofed corridors and one could reach any house of the residence without getting caught in rain. In comparison with a layout map of the family residence made in the 1930s, the area of the residence today is about one third of the original compound.
Sixty years later, Wu Yun made a series of drawings of the residence. In 2017, the Wu family had a reunion in Hangzhou. During the reunion, the family members from all over the world revisited the Wus Residence. They discussed update issues of the family pedigree. The update started in 1980 and was finished in 2020. It took three generations 40 years to finish the epic update.
The residence compound was first built in the Ming Dynasty by two brothers who were government officials in the education department. The residence changed hands several times. Wu Zhenyu bought the residence during the reign of Emperor Xianfeng (1831-1861). According to family stories, Wu Zhenyu said the family would stay away from commerce and all the descendents were to make a career through education. It turned out that the rules he formulated were religiously abided by. The family produced scholars who passed imperial examinations and got appointed to government positions. When these government officials retired and came back home in Hangzhou, they were all engaged in taking care of younger family members in their education.
In the 1950s, most of the 16 sons of the clan moved out of the residence compound as they got employed in Beijing, Xian, Lanzhou, Guizhou and Guizhou. As space was vacated, some distant relatives and close friends moved in. Some of the Wu family members have stayed.
In the 1980s, the large compound housed about 50 households. Then the residence was placed under the government protection. Gradually, the households moved out one by one, as they were forbidden to install air-conditioners, forbidden to make any repurposing projects, and had to use communal bathrooms. In 1995, the government department of cultural heritage refurbished the residence. In 1999, the residence was turned into a secondhand antique market. The residence compound is now undergoing a reconstruction project which is scheduled to be finished at the end of 2020. The compound is to house the Institute of Culture and History of the peoples political consultative conference of Hangzhou.
As a family tradition, all the households of the Wu clan keep a copy of the home letter as a family legacy written by Wu Qingdi (1848-1924), a grandson of Wu Zhenyu. Wu Qingdi studied under Yu Yue, a master of Chinese classics based in Hangzhou. Later Wu Qingdi headed the government education department respectively in Sichuan and Hunan, two provinces in the southwest of China. This letter is part of the family tradition which says, in a succinct paraphrase, value education over money. No wonder nearly all the adult descendents of the Wu clan are college graduates.