日僧慧锷与中国观音道场
2020-08-14张坚
张坚
▲传播篇
我们可以说日本高僧慧锷并非灵异人物,而是人,但他数度漂洋过海,为中日佛教文化的交流办了大事,正如日本的《本朝高僧传》所写:“禀性坚固,涉远不倦”。
亲从五台来,
欲向日本去,
普门名号遍十方,
何必绘像图归计。
忽然舟不行,
菩萨应无住。
听其止而休,
此货已成滞。
一山名胜待师开,
天下群瞻两足地。
——释·潮音通旭《赞不肯去观音像》
此诗的作者是康熙朝高僧、普济禅寺住持。
一
唐时,日僧慧锷渴望到中国求法,于是坐遣唐使之船抵达中国。同时代的日本高僧圆仁撰《入唐求法巡礼行记》,记载了慧锷的大唐之行:唐武宗会昌元年(841年,日本为仁明代承和八年)秋,慧锷首次来华,朝五台山,到天台山过冬。为求五台山供养费,于翌年乘唐梢公李邻德船回国。会昌四年(日本承和十一年)携带日本国皇后橘嘉智子的礼物及慧锷筹集的供养费第二次入唐,布施五台山,并至浙江灵池寺迎义空僧去日本。于大中元年(847年,日本承和十四年)六月廿二日搭乘张支信船从明州望海镇(宁波镇海)出发回国。同船返日的有日僧惠运、仁和等。唐咸通三年(862年)九月三日,慧锷随平城天皇皇子真如法亲王乘张支信、任仲元、全习文等37人驾驶的船只,由肥前国值嘉岛出发第三次来华,同舟来华的有宗睿、贤真、忠全、安展、禅念、惠他、善寂、原懿、猷继等学问僧和请益僧。翌年四月,复搭张支信船由明州回国。
关于这一次往返,日本《头陀亲王入唐略记》也有记载,说他首先朝拜五台山,即发愿心要为五台山提供僧供。
他只能回國去募集僧供。
慧锷回日本后,他应该想到了皇后橘嘉智子是一位虔诚的佛教徒。
传说,橘皇后曾向日本高僧空海大师问密宗之法,空海十分赞赏。
橘皇后又问,还有超过密宗的吗?
空海说,中国有禅宗,是菩提达摩从西方传来,现在中国如星火燎原一般普及。但空海自己对禅宗也不懂。
慧锷来求见,橘皇后就把她亲自制作的绣文袈裟、宝幡和镜奁,请慧锷带往中国,又另给慧锷金子,作为聘礼,请禅宗高僧到日本传法。
后来,慧锷到了中国浙江,在灵池寺请得义空长老到日本。后又到苏州开元寺,请僧人契元帮他制作一块石碑,碑文之题为《日本国首传禅宗记》,对此事作了记录,内容是慧锷奉橘皇后之诏礼请义空至日本传禅宗之法的经过。
后来慧锷把石碑运至日本京都,立在罗城门一侧。
罗城门为日本古代都城平城京的正门,位于朱雀大路南端,是古代外交使节出入之门,也是为阻止瘟疫之神进入城内而举行祭奠仪式以及举行法会的场所。
不料,可能是由于地震带来的灾难使罗城门倒塌,其门柱正好压碎了慧锷所立的石碑。
后来,那破碎的石碑被移放于罗城门附近的东寺讲堂东南角——正是中国禅宗高僧义空讲法的地方。
元代从普陀山往日本的高僧一宁,其日本弟子虎关师鍊著有《元亨释书》,是日本第一部系统性的僧传,在日本很有名。在慧锷圆寂百年之后,虎关师鍊从史料中看到有《日本国首传禅宗记》之碑,在东寺找到了残碑。那碑记破成4块,大的直径二尺余,小的不足一尺。碑之额,左右有形状雄壮的蟠龙——虽然头角残缺,但龙身鳞甲灿然。
残碑上的文字为正楷体,笔划鲜明。
虎关师鍊把4块残碑拓了片,带回细细研究,但还是读不懂碑文。
唐武宗李炎在位期间(840~846年),推行一系列“灭佛”政策,以会昌五年(845年)四月颁布的敕令为高峰,据记载,慧锷在中国经受了“会昌法难”,被迫还俗。
还有一件事也值得一记——慧锷除了抄写过白居易的《白氏文集》,还得到了白氏亲笔抄写、亲笔题字的文集,据此,一般认为慧锷有可能与白居易见过面。
二
接下来就要说到慧锷对于普陀山的意义了——他把从五台山请得的观音像供奉在普陀山,也可以说是开创了观音道场。
据日本盛德禅师僧卐元师蛮于东山天皇元禄十五年(康熙四十一年,公元1702年)所著《本朝高僧传》卷六十七“远游八·唐国补陀落寺沙门慧萼传”记述,慧锷和尚,不知他俗世姓什么,但他生性坚强,远涉重洋而不知疲倦。承和元年,他奉日本国橘太后之命,带了金子到中国。在中国的登莱上岸,经雁门关到达五台山。后到浙江拜谒高僧齐安国师,转达橘太后的旨意,希望有中国高僧去日本传法。齐安国师嘱咐义空和尚随同慧锷去日本传禅宗之法。到齐衡初年,慧锷又到中国,再上五台山,于“岭头”这个地方得到观世音菩萨圣像。在唐代大中十二年(858年)奉观音像坐船回日本。船过宁波府所属昌国县(舟山曾为昌国县)海边,就附着于礁岩上不能前进。船员们以为船上载物过重,就把物品都搬到岸上,然而船还是不能航行。等到把观音圣像也搬到岸上之后,船就在海水中浮动了。此地为普陀山,高丽、日本、新罗等国旅行者都泊船此处,等候风向、潮水适宜时再择道航行。慧锷想到观音菩萨要在此处显灵,以降惠福于大众。他就把圣像留下来,建房屋供奉,自己也不忍离圣像而去,住下来侍奉香火。就这样,这里就成了宝所,名“补陀落迦山寺”,为南海上禅宗名寺。从此航海者,都来此处供奉香火,祈祷航路平安,而观音菩萨又从各人心愿,保佑平安。远近百姓和僧侣来朝拜者,不知有几千几百人,呼号菩萨的声音应和着海潮的声音,灵应万变,实在为不可思议之事。
至今南海人民相传,普陀山观音道场,慧锷为开山始祖。
这篇传记写明慧锷是在五台山“于岭头得观音圣像”,奉像至普陀山的年份为大中十二年(“以大中十二年奉像驾船将归本国”)。并且写明“补陀落迦山寺”是慧锷“遂庐奉侍”,即慧锷以“庐”供奉宝像。
至此,我們可以说日本高僧慧锷并不是灵异人物,而是人,但他数度漂洋过海,为中日佛教文化的交流办了大事,如日本的《本朝高僧传》所写:“禀性坚固,涉远不倦”。
三
但是中日两国的有关研究者,都无法考证慧锷的出身和终了……
在关于慧锷的中外史料中,有一个很值得人思考的地方,那就是中方的史料中,称呼慧锷为日本僧人,日本高僧;而日方的史料中,却称呼慧锷为“补陀落寺慧锷”——即中国普陀山僧人慧锷。
这一方面,是日方觉得慧锷在中国的普陀山上创建了不肯去观音院,另一方面呢?在日本,也许慧锷不在固定的寺庵住,是位总是处于云游状态的高僧。
此外,慧锷虽是日本人,但他觉得佛教(禅宗)的中心地在中国。
慧锷在五台山得到观音宝像,欲供奉于日本,我们也可想象这是一尊多么珍贵的佛像,也体现了五台山方面因“僧供”而对于慧锷的答谢之情。
原本已在普陀山安供好的不肯去观音像,却引起了宁波开元寺僧道载的羡慕。他说梦见观音菩萨对他说,“欲归此寺”,并以这个梦,动用了官家的权力,由“郡将”把观音宝像从普陀山移供于开元寺。
宝像尽管移供,但善男信女心中的观音,还是在普陀山,远方的人们不会到开元寺朝拜观音,却不畏波浪颠荡之苦,渡海朝山……
明代《重修普陀山志·灵异》载:
日本僧慧锷,从五台山得观音像,将还国,舟抵礁石不能动,望潮音洞默叩,遂得达岸,乃以像舍于洞侧,张氏为之筑院奉之,屡睹神异。郡闻之,迎其像入城,为民祈福。未几,有僧至普陀,复求嘉木,扃户刻像,弥月像成,而僧不知所在。后像偶亡一指,忽波间浮花至,视之,乃所亡像指也。
传说有一位陌生僧人至普陀山,寻求到上好的木料,就在住处闭起门来雕刻观音像。历时一个月,像刻成,僧人却无影无踪了。这尊木质的观音像,就代替慧锷所请的观音像。后来,像缺了一手指,但人们看到沙滩头的波涛,推送来花一般的东西,一看,却是观音木像缺失的手指。
日本方面的有关学者认为,慧锷晚年的终极处不在日本而在中国。禅师卐元师蛮在慧锷传中有“其身亦终于海岸孤寂处”之句。“海岸孤寂处”是普陀山的代称,他以为慧锷是在普陀山圆寂的。
一位能与日本国皇后对话,并接受其使命来中国的高僧,人生的最后讯息,其在日本国内竟没有人知道,这十分令人费解。难道,慧锷在普陀山建成了“不肯去观音院”后,就在山中隐姓埋名,不再让人知晓,直至圆寂?
(由视觉中国供图)
Japanese Monk and Guanyin Worship in Putuo
By Zhang Jian
Egaku or Huie in modern Chinese was a well-connected 9th century Japanese scholar-monk who made frequent trips to the Tang Dynasty (618-907) for pilgrimage and bringing back Buddhist teachings to Japan. Egaku had a huge impact on the religious and cultural history of China and Japan. In Japan, he is famous for bringing the first Rinzai Zen monk Gikū and the works of the Chinese poet Bai Juyi (772-846) to Japan. In China, he is renowned for his role in establishing a developed pilgrimage site in Mount Putuo, one of the four major Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China today.
Egaku first visited China in 841 AD. He spent the winter of that year in Mt Wutai, a religious site in northern China. In 842, he went back to Japan to raise funds for Mt Wutai. In 844, he came back to Wutai bringing funds to the religious holy land. He might have run into a crackdown on Buddhism on the part of Emperor Wuzong. The emperor launched an anti-Buddhism persecution in 845. Modern scholars think that Egaku might have been forced to return to secular life in the government crackdown. Based on the fact that the Japanese monk received a collection of poems and essays in the handwriting of Bai Juyi, it is reasonable to assume that Egaku might have met Bai during his visit to China.
According to a book of biographies on Japanese monks written in the 18th century by a Japanese monk, Egaku in 858 sailed with a statue of Guanyin, which he had acquired in Mt Wutai in northern China, on his home voyage back to Japan. The departure port was Mingzhou, which is present-day Ningbo, a port city in eastern Zhejiang Province. Back then, Putuo, an islet, was part of a county under the jurisdiction of Mingzhou, a prefecture. The ship was unable to move forward when it was by Putuo. The crew thought the payload was too heavy and unloaded all the cargo to the shore. But the ship didnt budge an inch. It was until after the statue of Guanyin was carried to the shore of Putuo that the ship floated again. Back then, Putuo was a departure place where ships destined to Korea Peninsula and Japan waited for right winds and right tides before ships were able to sail off. Believing that Guanyin was unwilling to go, Egaku decided to leave the statue on the islet and built a sanctuary for the Goddess of Mercy. A temple was built and Guanyin was enshrined and worshipped there. Local people and those who sailed between China and Korea and Japan came to the temple to say prayers and seek blessing from Guanyin.
It is probably right to say that Egaku was the founding father of the Bodhimanda of Guanyin in Mt Putuo.
However, historians of religions in both China and Japan agree and disagree with each other about Egaku on many things. Both Chinese and Japanese scholars agree that they have the slightest idea when Egaku was born or when and where he passed away. In Chinese literature, the monk is known as Japanese named Huie but Chinese scholars know nothing about his secular surname. Some Japanese scholars say the monk stayed in Putuo but they somehow refuse to say whether he was Japanese. Some say that he was a traveling monk, never in one temple for a long while. Some Japanese scholars believe that Egaku passed away in Mt Putuo.
It is regretful to say that little is known about such a well-connected monk who came to China for a royal mission and that he passed away without leaving any information on his death to historians of future generations.