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益气活血利水方联合螺内酯治疗老年射血分数保留心力衰竭的效果

2020-07-27彭朗鲁晓斌梅应兵刘进进倪维

中国医药导报 2020年17期
关键词:临床观察

彭朗 鲁晓斌 梅应兵 刘进进 倪维

[摘要] 目的 探讨益气活血利水方联合醛固酮受体拮抗剂治疗老年射血分数保留心力衰竭(HFpEF)的临床效果。 方法 采用前瞻性、开放、空白对照的临床研究方法,收集2017年12月~2018年12月湖北省中医院门诊及住院HFpEF患者120例,按照随机数字表法将其分为中药组、螺内酯组、联合组及对照组,每组各30例。对照组采用西药基础治疗,中药组予益气活血利水方,螺内酯组予螺内酯20 mg/片/d,联合组同时予与中药组及螺内酯组相同的治疗干预,各组均连续治疗2周。记录并比较各组治疗前后患者氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平、中医证候积分及6 min步行试验结果。 结果 研究过程中脱落5例,实际完成研究115例。其中对照组30例、中药组28例,螺内酯组29例、联合组28例。四组患者治疗前NT-proBNP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。联合组、中药组、螺内酯组治疗后NT-proBNP水平均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。与对照组治疗后比较,联合组、螺内酯组和中药组NT-proBNP水平降低,且联合组低于螺内酯组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。四组患者治疗前中医证候积分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。各组治疗后中医证候积分均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与对照组治疗后比较,联合组、中药组、螺内酯组中医证候积分均降低,其中联合组和中药组中医证候积分均低于螺内酯组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。联合组与中药组中医证候积分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。四组患者治疗前6 min步行距离比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。各组患者治疗后6 min步行距离均大于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。联合组治疗后6 min步行距离大于螺内酯组及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。联合组与中药组6 min步行距离比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 益气活血利水方的优势在于改善中医证候和提高活动耐力,螺内酯的优势在于降低NT-proBNP水平,兩者联用是治疗HFpEF的有效方法。

[关键词] 益气活血利水;醛固酮受体拮抗剂;射血分数保留心力衰竭;临床观察

[中图分类号] R541.6          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)06(b)-0057-05

Effect of Yiqi Huoxue Lishui Prescription combined with Spironolactone in the treatment of heart failure and preserved ejection fraction in the elderly

PENG Lang1,2   LU Xiaobin1,3   MEI Yingbing1,2   LIU Jinjin1,2   NI Wei1,4

1.Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan   430074, China; 2.Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan   430060, China; 3.Department of Cardiovascular, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan   430060, China; 4.Clinical Laboratory, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan   430060, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of treating heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in elderly patients with Yiqi Huoxue Lishui Prescription combined with aldosterone receptor antagonist. Methods A prospective, open and blank controlled clinical study was conducted to collect 120 cases of HFpEF patients in the outpatient and in-patient department of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2017 to December 2018. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the traditional Chinese medicine group, the Spironolactone group, the combined group and the control group, each group with 30 cases. The control group was treated with western medicine basic treatment, the traditional Chinese medicine group was treated with Yiqi Huoxue Lishui Prescription, the Spironolactone group was treated with Spironolactone 20 mg/tablet/day, and the combined group received the same therapeutic intervention as the traditional Chinese medicine group and spironolactone group at the same time. Each group was treated continuously for 2 weeks. The results of N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level, traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score and 6 min walking test were recorded and compared before and after treatment. Results Five cases were shed during the study, and 115 cases were actually completed. There were 30 cases in the control group, 28 cases in the traditional Chinese medicine group, 29 cases in the Spirolactone group and 28 cases in the combined group. There was no statistically significant difference in the level of NT-proBNP between the four groups before treatment (P > 0.05). The level of NT-proBNP after treatment in the combined group, the traditional Chinese medicine group and the Spironolactone group was lower than that before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group after treatment, the level of NT-proBNP in the combined group, the Spironolactone group and the traditional Chinese medicine group decreased, and the combined group was lower than the Spironolactone group, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score among the four groups before treatment (P > 0.05). The traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores of each group were lower after treatment than before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group after treatment, the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores of the combined group, the traditional Chinese medicine group and the Spironolactone group all decreased, and the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores of the combined group and the traditional Chinese medicine group were all lower than those of the Spironolactone group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores between the combined group and the traditional Chinese medicine group (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in 6 min walking distance among the four groups before treatment (P > 0.05). The 6 min walking distance of each group after treatment was greater than that before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). After treatment, the 6 min walking distance of the combined group was greater than that of the Spirolactone group and the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in 6 min walking distance between the combined group and the traditional Chinese medicine group (P > 0.05). Conclusion The advantage of the Yiqi Huoxue Lishui Prescription lies in the improvement of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome and activity endurance, and the advantage of Spironolactone lies in the reduction of NT-proBNP level. The combination of the two is an effective method for the treatment of HFpEF.

[Key words] Yiqi Huoxue Lishui Prescription; Aldosterone receptor antagonist; Heart failure and preserved ejection fraction; Clinical observation

心力衰竭是老年人常见疾病,是多种心血管疾病的最终转归。按照左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)水平可分为射血分数降低心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction,HFrEF)、射血分数保留心力衰竭(heart failure and preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)以及射血分数中间值的心力衰竭(heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction,HFmrEF)。其中,HFpEF在老年人中最为常见,占心衰总数50%左右,虽然其具有相对较高的LVEF值,但其预后却与HFrEF相仿,5年内死亡率高达43%[1]。由于目前对HFpEF的关注和研究少于HFrEF,仍缺乏显著降低HFpEF患者发病率和死亡率的特异性药物的证据[2],仅有研究显示螺内酯可通过改善心脏舒张功能[3],减少心肌纤维化,进而延缓心肌重塑[4],降低HFpEF患者的心衰住院率[5]。但笔者在临床中发现,相当数量的老年HFpEF患者(尤其是未出现明显水肿症状的患者),往往难以坚持使用螺内酯,进而从中获益。而中医药对心力衰竭引起的喘息、气短、水肿等症状的治疗有一定优势,且中医“治未病”的理论对于HFpEF的治疗也有一定指导意义。通过国内文献研究发现,益气活血利水是中医药治疗心力衰竭的主要治法[6],故此,本文通过比较益气活血利水方药联合醛固酮受体拮抗剂与对照组对老年HFpEF患者氨基末端脑钠肽前体(N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、6 min步行试验及中医证候积分的影响,来探索中西医结合治疗HFpEF的有效手段。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2017年12月~2018年12月湖北省中医院(以下简称“我院”)的门诊及住院患者,研究设计采用随机、单盲、空白平行对照试验方法。采用随机数字表法将入组患者分为螺内酯组、中药组、中药联合螺内酯组及对照组,每组30例,共计120例,过程中脱落5例,脱落率为4.2%,实际完成研究115例。其中男52例,女63例,年龄65~87岁,平均(70.3±8.1)岁。各组基线资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会通过。

1.2 纳入标准

①年龄>65岁;②符合《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南》中HFpEF诊断标准[7];③目前心力衰竭症状与New York Heart Association(NYHA)Ⅱ~Ⅲ级[8]相符;④中医辨证分型标准参照《中药新药临床研究指导原则》属于气虚血瘀证[9];⑤关于心衰危险因素的治疗和心衰症状控制的治疗要求在入组前2周内保持不变。

1.3 排除标准

①合并心脏瓣膜疾病、心包疾病、肥厚型心肌病或限制性心肌病;②近3个月内有急性心肌梗死、冠脉支架植入或冠脉动脉旁路移植术;③严重肺部疾病(用力肺活量≤50%或1 s用力呼气容积≤50%);④未被控制的感染;⑤同时服用其他醛固酮受体拮抗剂;⑥有精神异常及不愿合作者。

1.4 方法

对所有研究对象均采用相同的基础治疗,基础治疗方案参照《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南》[7],包括:①饮食控制;②血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂:盐酸贝那普利(深圳信立泰药业股份有限公司,批号:FA17019)10 mg,口服,1次/d。③其他针对HFpEF基础疾病及诱因的治疗,如降压、降糖、降脂、改善心肌供血等。

①中药组:在基础治疗上加用益气活血利水方(为我院老年病科经验方,由我院煎药室统一标准化制作),具体方药为党参30 g、黄芪30 g、丹参20 g、赤芍15 g、泽泻15 g、桂枝6 g、茯苓15 g、泽兰20 g、葶苈子30 g。水煎服,2次/d,200 mL/次。②螺内酯组:在基础治疗上加用醛固酮受体拮抗剂螺内酯(杭州民生药业有限公司,批号:T17N022)20 mg/片,1片/d。③联合组:在基础治疗上同时加用中药组及螺内酯组的治疗干预。④对照组:仅采用基础治疗。四组患者均连续治疗2周。

1.5 观察指标

①中医证候疗效判定:四组患者在治疗前后,根据《中药新药临床研究指导原则》[9]心力衰竭临床研究指导原则中气虚血瘀证的定义,对“心悸、气短、胸痛、喘气、颈部青筋暴露、胁下痞块、下肢浮肿、尿少”8个方面进行评分,每项从轻至重记1~5分,共计40分。②血浆NT-proBNP水平测定:四组患者治疗前后于清晨空腹时,仰卧休息20 min后进行血清NT-proBNP含量测定,采集空腹静脉血5 mL,采用电化学发光免疫法进行检测(化学发光仪CI8000,深圳普门科技有限公司),所有操作均严格按照说明书操作。③6 min步行试验[10]:所有患者治疗前后均进行6 min 步行试验,按照6 min步行试验标准操作流程进行,每次采集数据时进行2次步行试验,2次间隔1 h以上,若2次距离差异>10%则需增加1次试验,取数次平均值为准。

1.6 统计学方法

采用SPSS 19.0对所得数据进行统计学分析,计量资料符合正态分布采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,同组治疗前后比较采用配对样本t检验,计量资料不符合正态分布采用中位数(四分位数间距)[M(Q)]表示,组间比较采用秩和检验,多组间比较采用方差分析(F检验),进一步两两比较采用独立样本LSD-t检验,计数资料采用百分率表示,組间比较采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 各组治疗前后血清NT-proBNP水平比较

四组患者治疗前NT-proBNP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。联合组、中药组、螺内酯组治疗后NT-proBNP水平均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。与对照组治疗后比较,联合组、螺内酯组和中药组NT-proBNP水平降低,且联合组低于螺内酯组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 各组中医证候积分比较

四组患者治疗前中医证候积分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。各组患者治疗后中医证候积分均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与对照组治疗后比较,联合组、中药组、螺内酯组中医证候积分均降低,其中联合组和中药组中医证候积分均低于螺内酯组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。联合组与中药组中医证候积分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表3。

2.3 各组6 min步行试验比较

四组患者治疗前6 min步行距离比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。各组患者治疗后6 min步行距离均大于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。联合组治疗后6 min步行距离大于螺内酯组及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。联合组与中药组6 min步行距离比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表4。

3 讨论

本研究结果提示,在一般西医治疗的基础上,螺内酯能明显降低HFpEF患者的NT-proBNP水平,而益气活血利水方在此方面效果并不明显。在中医证候方面,中药组、螺内酯组和联合组的治疗效果均十分显著,尤其是联合组使治疗后中医证候积分明显降低,这与中医药疗法的特点相符;在活动耐力方面,联合组能显著提高6 min步行试验距离,且明显大于螺内酯组,中药组与螺内酯组相较于对照组的优势均不明显,提示螺内酯聯用益气活血利水方在活动耐力方面可能有增效倾向,但有待进一步研究证实。

尽管HFpEF在老年人中十分常见,但对其有效的药物疗法的循证医学证据并不多,如J-DHF研究提示,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、β受体阻滞剂等对HFrEF有效的药物并不能够改善HFpEF患者的预后或降低其病死率[11]。而醛固酮被认为是HFpEF发病机制中左心室肥厚的重要致病因素之一[12],其还参与了氧化应激、内皮功能障碍、心肌纤维化和血管炎症[13],且HFpEF患者中血浆利钠肽升高也与患者的不良预后有关[14]。醛固酮受体拮抗剂如螺内酯治疗HFpEF已被证明可降低B型利钠肽(BNP)水平[15]、改善心脏舒张功能、减少心肌纤维化和延缓心肌重塑[16]。因此醛固酮受体拮抗剂目前在HFpEF中的作用越来越受到重视,我国指南建议对LVEF≥45%,BNP升高或1年内因心衰住院的HFpEF患者,可考虑使用醛固酮受体拮抗剂以降低住院风险[17-19]。

从HFpEF的临床表现看,其属于中医“喘病”“痰饮”“水肿”“心悸”等范畴。现代中医对心衰的病因病机认识总体趋于一致,认为心衰基本病机为本虚标实,本虚以气(阳)虚为主,标实以血瘀和水饮为主,此三者为心衰的核心证候[20]。因此益气活血利水法是目前治疗心衰最为常用的治法[21-23]。本研究益气活血利水方重用党参、黄芪,益心气,鼓动气血,丹参、赤芍活血化瘀,防止血液滞留心脉而成瘀,茯苓、泽泻、泽兰、葶苈子则健脾渗湿、利水消肿,桂枝温阳利水,诸药共凑益心气、温心阳、活血利水之功。

综上所述,对于HFpEF患者,益气活血利水方的优势在于改善中医证候,螺内酯的优势在于降低NT-proBNP水平和降低住院风险,两者联用能够提高患者活动耐力,实现协同互补、标本兼顾。益气活血利水方联合醛固酮受体拮抗剂是中西医结合治疗HFpEF的有效方法。对于本疗法的具体作用机制、长期疗效观察与用药安全性仍有待更进一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2019-09-20  本文编辑:顾家毓)

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