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特殊句式解析

2020-07-27供稿

疯狂英语·初中天地 2020年7期
关键词:助动词省略介词

◎供稿:高 洁

【趋势解读】

初中阶段特殊句式的考查主要是对感叹句、存在句、倒装句、反意疑问句、省略句的考查,考生需牢记与其相关的句型才能正确做题。其中,倒装句与省略句的考查往往难度较大,是考生容易忽视与出错的知识点。

【思维引导】

精彩笔记1 so, neither倒装句型

倒装属于语法中语序的范畴。自然语序基本是主语在前,谓语在后,那么倒装语序是谓语在前,主语在后。完全倒装即将谓语的全部(主要是指其实义动词)置于主语之前。部分倒装是指只将谓语的一部分(系动词、助动词和情态动词)置于主语之前,实义动词仍然保留在主语之后。

(1) Lucy is a good student, and so is Lily. 露西是好学生,莉莉也是(好学生)。

“so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”依附于肯定句,表示前边的肯定情况也适用于后边的人(或物),意为“……也……”。

(2) If you do not go swimming, neither shall I. 如果你不去游泳,我也不去。

“neither+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”依附于否定句,表示前边的否定情况也适用于后边的人(或物),意为“……也不……”。

核心题根1

(1) —I hear Yang Yan made an English speech at the graduation ceremony yesterday.— , and .

A. So she did; so did I B. So did she; so I did

C. So she was; so I was D. So was she; so I was

思路点拨 ①句意:我听说杨艳在昨天的毕业典礼上作了一场英语演讲。确实如此,而且我也演讲了。根据题意,应该是前者表确认、肯定,意为“的确如此”,而后者意为“……也做了”。② C、D是错误的选项,上句中“made”是实义动词,后面倒装句的助动词要与其保持一致。③“她确实如此”要用so she did,用来表达对前面情况的肯定、确认,不能倒装。

(2) —I haven't seen the film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.— .

A. Neither have I B. So have I C. Neither I have D. So I have

思路点拨 句意:我没有看过《加勒比海盗:惊涛怪浪》这部电影。我也没看过。由题意可知这里是表示否定的回答,当用neither时,要用倒装句形式。(3) —Maggie had a wonderful time at the party.

— , and so did I.

A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she

思路点拨 句意: 麦琪在晚会上玩得很开心。她确实玩得很开心,我也玩得很开心。so引起的省略句,表示与前句肯定的内容呼应,与前面内容一致时,要用倒装结构,即“so+助动词(be/情态动词)+主语”。本题答语中的“and so did I”就是这种结构。而空白处是对前面所说话的确认、同意或肯定,因此不用倒装。注意“had”在题干中不是助动词。

“so/neither+助动词/be/情态动词+主语+谓语”句型中的“be/助动词/情态动词”在形式上必须与前句的谓语动词保持一致;而其单复数则由后面的主语决定。

易错警示

同类变式1

(1)—I never drink coffee. .

A. So do I B. So did I C. Neither did I D. Neither do I

(2)—Tom, I'm watching a football match. What about you?— .

A. So do I B. So am I C. So I do D. So I am

(3)—Well, I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast.— .

A. So it is B. So is it C. So does it D. So it does

易错警示

so I do与so do I不同。在“so I do”中so引起的省略句不作“也……”讲,只是对前面的情况表示确认、肯定,这时省略的主语和谓语不必倒装,意为“的确如此”。如:

—He has made great progress. 他取得了很大进步。

—Yes, so he has. 是的,他确实是(取得进步)。

And so have you. 你也是(取得很大进步)。

精彩笔记2 以副词、介词短语开头的倒装句

here, there, out, in, down, away等表示方位的副词或表示方位的介词短语置于句首且主语是名词时,要用倒装句。而谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句句尾的主语决定。如:

Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲出去了。

There comes a woman. 那边过来了一位妇女。

In front of my house stands a tall tree. 我的房子前面有棵大树。

核心题根2

(1) from the fifth floor when the policeman pointed his gun at him.

A. Jumped down the muderer(凶手) B. Down the murderer jumped

C. The murderer jumping down D. Down jumped the murderer

思路点拨 句意:当警察用枪指着凶手时,他从第五层楼跳下去了。本题考查全部倒装。down是表示方向的副词,在句首时,句子的谓语动词jumped要放在the murderer之前。

(2) At the meeting place of the Yangtze River(长江)and Jialing River , one of the ten largest cities in China.

A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies

C. does lies Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie

思路点拨 句意:中国十大城市之一重庆位于长江和嘉陵江汇合之处。Chongqing是主语,one of the ten…China是Chongqing的同位语,lies是谓语动词,at the meeting…Jialing River是介词短语作地点状语。一目了然,作地点状语的介词短语提前到句首,以使句子平衡或突出状语,谓语动词是be, stand, lie等。这样的句子要全部倒装。

同类变式2

(1) Hey, Nick. comes the last bus! Hurry up, or we’ll have to walk home.

A. This B. There C. That D. It

(2) Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away .

A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief

C. the thief was fleeing D. fled(flee的过去式)the thief

(3) —Where is the report?

— .

A. There it is B. There is it

C. There the report is D. Is the report there

如果主语不是名词,是人称代词,就不必倒装。如:

The door opened, in came a policeman.(主语是名词,倒装)

The door opened, in he came.(主语是代词he,不倒装)

易错警示

知识归纳

在表示方向的副词如down, up, in, out, over, back, off,away等作状语位于句首时,如果谓语动词是jump, come,go, rush等不及物动词,句子要全部倒装,即谓语动词全部放在主语前面。

精彩笔记3

当句首的状语是only+副词,only+介词短语或状语从句时,主句要部分倒装。即只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语前。如:Only by practice can we improve our spoken English. 只有通过练习,我们才能提高英语口语水平。

核心题根3

(1) Only when I left my parents for Italy how much I love them.

A. I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize

思路点拨 句意:只有离开父母去意大利时,我才意识到我是多么爱他们。Only后可接状语从句,还可接介词短语和副词,在这种结构中,主句应该部分倒装。C项had I realized是过去完成时,表示realize这个动作发生在left之前,显然错误。

(2) by keeping down costs(成本)will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.

A. Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet思路点拨 句意:只有通过保持低成本,Power Data才能保持超过其他公司的优势。副词only及其修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时,主句要部分倒装。

同类变式3

after a long walk did they reach the railway station at midnight.

A. Shortly B. When C. Only D. Just

精彩笔记4 英语句法中的重锤鼓——强调句式

强调句是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。

(1)用“助动词do ( does /did)+动词原形”来表示强调。

I did come here yesterday. 我昨天确实来这儿了。

Do remember to turn off the light when you leave. 你离开时一定要记得把灯关了。

(2)用强调句型“It is /was+被强调的部分十that /who+句子剩余部分”来强调说话人的意愿。

It is he that /who has helped me a lot. 就是他帮了我很多忙。It was this book that cost me 50 yuan yesterday. 就是这本书昨天花了我五十元。

核心题根4

根据要求把下面的句子改为强调句式。

一般的陈述句式:He read three books in the library yesterday. 他昨天在图书馆看了三本书。

(1)强调主语:

(2)强调宾语:

(3)强调地点状语:

(4)强调时间状语:

思路点拨 ①“It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分”的强调句式,关键是先要确定被强调的部分,然后根据被强调的部分来选择句式中用that或是who。②当被强调的部分指人时用who或that; 指物时只能用that, 强调状语时只用that,不用when/where。

同类变式4

(1) —Have you ever seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree(《山楂树之恋》)?—Of course, I have. It was in our village it was made.

A. that B. where C. when D. which

(2) An awful accident , however, occur the other day.

A. does B. did C. has to D. had to

(3) It was along Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much time of his childhood.

A. how B. which C. that D. where

方法技巧

(1)被强调的部分是主语时,注意句子的谓语动词和被强调的主语保持一致。

(2)当被强调部分指人时,可用that,也可用who;指物时,只用that。

(3)强调状语时,只用that,不用when, where。

(4)一般疑问句的强调句为“Is/Was it… +that…?”;特殊疑问句的强调句为“特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that…?”。

Was it on Sunday that you went to Beijing? 你是在星期天去的北京吗?

When is it that you will set off? 你将在什么时候出发?

(5)“not… until…”句型的强调结构为“It is not until… that…”,注意把否定词not转移到until前面。

I didn’t go home until the rain stopped. 直到雨停了我才回家。

强强调调句句为为::IItt wwaass nnoott uunnttiill tthhee rraaiinn ssttooppppeedd tthhaatt II wweenntt hhoommee..

精彩笔记5 英语句法中的懒虫——省略句式

英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句。

1.简单句中的省略

在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略句子主语。省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中经常出现。

2.并列句中的省略

在并列句中,相同的成分如主语、谓语、宾语等都可以省略。

On weekends, I have to clean my room and wash my clothes. 周末,我必须打扫房间和洗衣服。

3.复合句中的省略

(1)在定语从句中,引导词作从句宾语时可以省略。

Most of my friends like loud music (that) they can dance to. 我大部分的朋友都喜欢跟着响亮的音乐跳舞。

The man (who) we met yesterday is our new English teacher. 我们昨天见到的那个人是我们的新英语老师。

(2)状语从句中的省略。

We’ll go to help you if necessary. 如果有必要我们就去帮你。

(3)如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同,可将从句部分的谓语省略。

We will do what we can (do) to help you. 我们将尽我们所能去帮助你。

核心题根5

(1) —Excuse me, do you have the time?— .

A. Yes, I do B. Of course, I have C. A quarter to ten D. No problem

思路点拨 句意:劳驾,几点钟了?差一刻十点(9:45)。本题考查对话中简单句的省略。首先要明白问话的意思。a quarter to ten即It's a quarter to ten.

(2)Though he started late, Mr Guo played the piano as well as, if , Miss Liu.

A. not better than B. not better C. no better than D. no better思路点拨 本题考查一致条件句中的省略。完整的句子为if he doesn’t play the piano better than Miss Liu。只有A项可以是这个条件句的省略形式。

同类变式5

(1) What surprised me was not what he said but he said it.

A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which

(2) —How did you find your visit to Qingdao, Joanna?— .

A. Oh, wonderful indeed B. I went there alone

C. First by train and then by ship D. A guide showed me the way

方法技巧

(1)明确省略句的特点:没有上文它就没有生命,它植根于上文。

(2)联系语境,整句还原。

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