仁川国际机场2号航站楼，仁川，韩国

2020-07-14王单单

世界建筑 2020年6期

建筑设计：Gensler，熙林建筑事务所，慕雨建筑工程公司

Architects: Gensler, Heerim Architects & Planners, Mooyoung Architects & Engineers

仁川2 号航站楼为2018 年平昌冬季奥运会而建，建筑面积达约650,321m2（700 万ft2），旨在建造一座超越目前所有国际旅行优质标准的航站楼。Gensler 携手熙林建筑事务所，由内而外打造了一座为旅客带来平静、清新、娱乐和刺激的建筑，同时也鼓励着人们融入韩国文化。

在整体形态上，航站楼形式的灵感来源于交织的凤凰翅膀。在神话中，这种鸟以繁荣和长寿闻名——体现了大韩民国作为一个经济强国不仅其重要性与日俱增，而且在文化、传统和艺术方面也根基稳固。该翼型屋顶的形式归功于结构效能以及神话中凤凰的文化意象。

设计团队通过翅膀和羽毛等感性结构来构思设计概念。借助一系列巨大的放射状拱形结构，航站楼售票大厅的“羽毛”屋顶被设计成跨度近170m 的无支撑结构，同时又形成一个采光充足的明亮空间。

整座T2 航站楼设有72 个登机口，在完工后可为大韩航空的6000 万名乘客提供服务。航站楼的设计通过自助服务和技术创新（机器人行李服务和虚拟行李旅程）对旅客和员工一视同仁，从宏伟的空间到怡人的花园，空间既宏伟又亲切、巧妙又令人敬畏。通过丰富的天窗和太阳能电池板，Gensler满足了客户明确要求的建筑能耗和废弃物的设计优化，以加强这类电气照明建筑的最大效能。

考虑到旅客换乘的连通性，机场设有公交、汽车、出租车或火车等入口，并减少了乘客在中转航班之间的换乘连接，同时提供了一个巧妙的宽敞社区供游客探索。旅客进入高耸的空间后，精品大道、公园、休息区、游乐区以及种有植物与树木的阳光空间相继映入眼帘。顶级零售、餐饮、娱乐设施也遍布整个空间。屋顶的结构形状被设计成大跨度，从而减少了柱子的使用，通过过滤阳光又让建筑在白天减少电灯的使用。

在采光柔和的宽敞空间里，5 种不同的活动状态定义了乘客的体验：来往、等候、娱乐、购物和休憩。该设计结合了规划和室内设计元素，在每种活动类别里打造特色项目，例如：餐馆和商店可迎合最成熟的消费期望。偌大的花园为游客提供音乐表演的舞台，而鸟舍则向游客介绍当地的动植物。艺术展览可让游客深入了解韩国。户外观察区方便非旅客人士体验飞机停机坪，享用午餐或咖啡。这一室内设计可视为一系列的立体模型，特别迎合了旅行者在旅途中的特定需求。

机场可变身为城市而非建筑吗?

Gensler 的设计师们在设计仁川国际机场2 号航站楼时，提出了如下问题：如何才能把一座大型机场设计得更像一个社区，而不仅仅是停机场旁的购物中心？我们该如何在拥抱技术创新的同时展现韩国的传统文化？我们如何结合健康体验来扩充零售与餐饮的典型组合？机场能否既展示文化和艺术，又体现商业及效率？

像城市一样规划：景点

通常情况下，旅客在机场的等候区、零售区和出入口之间流动，而仁川机场却添加了另一个维度：文化沉浸式景点和自然体验区。这些交流区域让乘客置身于艺术、文化、音乐中，领略韩国的自然美景。T2 提供博物馆、表演区、独特的就餐体验、娱乐及水疗、冥想和健身场所，打造了一系列远胜典型精品零售的设施与体验。Gensler 在设计机场时还考虑到了健康需求，为旅客和机场工作人员提供充足的空间以避免拥挤，还使他们有机会接触自然和阳光。休息区域可供人们在长时间逗留期间小睡片刻，机场药房为旅客提供医疗专业知识。热成像摄影仪会对到达的乘客进行扫描，降低疫病传染的风险。

文化反映：诠释山村

如同许多其他文化一样，自然、人、神话和日常生活之间的关系可以从韩国的山水画中闻一知十。在韩国，此类画作基于人们对山川的诠释，描绘的往往是梦幻般的理想化山脉——通常绘有田园村落、池畔寺庙、瀑布及其山脚下的湖泊或河流。我们深受这些绘画的启发，将2 号航站楼的室内设计与比喻意义中的山川联系起来，共分4 种不同层次：云层、村庄层、田园村落层和地基层。这个概念“地图”限定了每一层所使用的材料的颜色、纹理和位置，它也成为了艺术作品和家具设计的背景板。Gensler 与熙林一起，将传统山水画的影响、凤凰的神话传说，与最新的技术和空乘设施结合在一起，其结果是丰富的传统、技术、健康和文化体验。（王单单译）

1 入口/Entrance

2 平面构型/Conf iguration

Newly opened for the 2018 Pyeong Chang Winter Olympics, Incheon Terminal 2 (T2) is designed to surpass all current standards of excellence for international travel in a massive 7 million square foot of building area. Conceived from the inside out, Gensler, the collaborating design architect in association with Heerim Architects, created a building that calms, refreshes, entertains, and excites passengers while encouraging them to engage with Korean culture.

In overall form, the terminal form interprets the intertwined wings of a phoenix, the bird known in mythology for prosperity, and longevity. It speaks to the Republic of Korea's growing importance as an economic powerhouse, while maintaining a firm foundation in the culture, traditions, and arts. The winged roof owes its form to both structural efficiency and culturally significant symbol of the mythical phoenix.

Gensler approached the architecture by studying and creating the structure of wings and feathers. By exploring a series of massive, radial arches, the "feathered" roof of the terminal ticketing hall was created to span nearly 170 metres unobstructed, flexible space while allowing for a luminous, daylit space.

The entire T2 complex will serve 60 million passengers of Korean Airlines with 72 gates. Designed to greet visitors with self-service and technological innovations (robotic baggage concierge and virtual baggage ride experience), the design treats visitors and employees alike to spaces that are grand as well as intimate, artful as well as awe-inspiring; from soaring spaces to intimate gardens. Gensler met the clientspecified design optimisation to building and waste by including abundant skylights and solar panels to augment the largest utility draw for this type of building, which is electrical lighting.

Designed with passenger connectivity in mind, this airport has points of entry by bus, car, taxi, or train and reduces passenger connections between transfer flights while providing a spacious, artful community to explore. Once inside, the soaring space features boutique avenues, parks, lounges, and play areas with sunlit spaces that harbour plants and trees. Top tier retail, dining, and entertainment amenities are also present throughout the space. The structural shapes of the roof are designed to span over great distances reducing columns, to filter sunlight allowing the building to operate with fewer electric lights as well as to create a feeling of being outdoors.

3 托运大厅/Check-in lobby

Within the vast, gently daylit spaces, 5 distinct activities def ine the passenger experience: Circulating, Processing, Recreating, Shopping, and Lounging. The design incorporates planning and interior design elements to create signature events in each category of events. For instance, restaurants and stores cater to the expectations of the most sophisticated consumers. Gardens entertain travellers with a stage for musical performances. Art, museum exhibits and gamerooms educate and entertain travellers of all ages to learn more about Korea. The interior design is a series of dioramas which cater specif ically to the needs of a traveller at a specif ic point in their journey.

Can an Airport Be Designed as a City Rather than a Building?

When designing the new T2 at Incheon International Airport, Gensler designers asked: How can a large airport be designed more like a community, rather than simply a shopping mall with aircraft parked next to it? How would we design to ref lect Korean traditions while embracing technological innovations? How do we incorporate health to augment the typical mix of retail and dining? Can an airport express culture and art as well as commerce and efficiency?

Plan It Like a City: Destinations

Typically, an airport circulates passengers between processing areas, retail, and points of entry and exit. Incheon adds another dimension: cultural immersion destinations and areas to experience nature. These areas of exchange allow passengers to remove themselves in art, culture, music and sample the natural splendour of Korea. Creating a series of amenities and experience far beyond typical boutique retail, T2 includes museums, performance areas, distinct dining experiences, entertainment and spa, meditation and exercise. Gensler considers health and wellness when designing airports, such as providing ample space to avoid congestion, providing access to nature and sunlight, to support both travelers and airport workers alike. Rest areas allow for napping between long layovers, and onsite pharmacies provide medical expertise for the community. Thermal cameras screen arriving

4 剖面/Section

5 剖面概念/Concept of section

6.7 大跨空间/Space without columns passengers to reduce the risk of infecting others.

Ref lect the Culture: Interpreting the Mountain

Village

In Korea, as in many other cultures, the relationship between nature, man, mythology, and daily life can be informed from looking at traditional landscape paintings. In Korea, these paintings often depict dreamy, idealised mountains based upon interpretations of Korean mountain ranges. They are often depicted with villages with gardens, temples with pools, and waterfalls served by lakes or rivers at the base of mountain. Inspired by these paintings, we relate the interior design of T2 to a metaphorical mountain with four distinct levels: the Cloud Layer, the Village Layer, the Village Garden Layer, and the Foundation or Base Layer. This conceptual "map" dictates the colour, texture, and placemnt of the materials used on each floor. It also became the storyboard for placement of art pieces and the design of furniture and cabinetry. Gensler + Heerim combined the influences of traditional landscape painting, the mythology of the korean phoenix, and the most innovative technologies and passenger amenities. The result is an experience rich in tradition, technology, health and wellness and culture.

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: 仁川国际机场公司/Incheon International Airport Corporation

主持建筑师/Principal Architect & Design Director: Terence Young

项目负责人/Principal-In-Charge: Keith Thompson

设计团队/Design Team: Andy Cohen, Patti Deckett, Rob Jernigan, Keith Thompson, Young Lee, Kap Malik, David Epstein, Terence Young, Mason Lee, Nuper Sinha

合作/Collaborators

主持建筑设计及施工图设计/Lead Architect and Architect of Record: Heerim Architects & Planners

合作建筑设计/Collaborating Design Architect: Gensler

联合体/Consortium Member: Mooyoung Architects & Engineers

联合体/Consortium Member: Yungdo Engineering

结构设计/Structural Design: Dongyang Engineering & Construction Corporation, Hugh Dutton Associés, Thornton Tomasetti, JunWoo Structure

施工图设计/Architect of Record: Heerim Architects & Planners

顾问/Consultants

机械工程/Mechanical: WooWon, Hanil Mech

电气工程/Electrical: Heerim Architects & Planners, Dae IL Electric Industry Co., Ltd.

土木工程/Civil: DukSung Alpha

景观工程/Landscape: Heerim Architects & Planners

计算机/IT: Heerim Architects & Planners

消防/Fire: Yungdo Engineering

可持续/Sustainable: Heerim Architects & Planners

交通接驳/Transportation (IAT): Lea + Elliott

行李系统/Baggage Handling System: BNP Associates

销售/Concession: SAP Group

室内/Interior: Heerim Architects & Planners

场地面积/Site Area: 217,500m2

总建筑面积/Gross Area: 385,000m2

设计时间/Design Period: 2012.01-2018.01

竣工时间/Completion Time: 2018.01

摄影/Photos: Wansoon Park

谭奔：仁川国际机场2 号航站楼从设计上似乎尝试着对航站楼这一特大型交通枢纽进行功能和意义的重构。功能上着重思考引入商业、娱乐、文化、艺术、博览、表演、景观等要素，结合航站楼内的各层空间，打造一座微缩城市的综合体巨型建筑。航站楼的意义也不再仅局限于迎来送往、快捷高效，更着眼于精细化的构建出行目的地，留住更多的旅客在此停留与消费，更好地展现韩国传统文化。

阳旭：仁川国际机场2 号航站楼有72 个登机口、设计年旅客量6000 万人次，这样的规模布局与国内同等量级的航站楼相比也不逊色。其布局采用了四指廊环抱大陆侧的经典布局，与仁川T1 航站楼形成了一个中轴对称的较为宏大的航站区布局。如此大规模的室内空间中，如何让旅客不至于产生迷失感。建筑师通过流线型的天窗、绿化和商业、小品等将整个航站楼打造成为一个个富有表现力的节点空间，使得旅客在行进路径中体验到文化、艺术和自然，能够进一步舒缓其旅客中的疲乏，营造出丰富的旅行体验。

Comments

TAN Ben: The design of Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 seems trying to restructure the terminal building as a mega transport hub from both functional and significance perspectives. From the perspective of function, the highlights were laid upon introducing elements like commerce, entertainment, culture, art, expo, show, landscape, etc., which were integrated into the space of each floor, as a result, a micro city was built up in the giant building complex. And from the perspective of signif icance of the terminal, it is no longer limited to see the arrival and departure of passengers and provide convenient and high-efficiency services, but is more about further refined travel destinations, and the goal is to keep more passengers at the airport to increase consumption and to demonstrate traditional Korean culture. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

YANG Xu: Incheon International Airport Terminal 2 has 72 gates and is designed to handle 60 million passengers per year, which is not inferior to China's terminals of the same magnitude. It adopted the classic configuration of four-finger pier encircled a main landside, and formed a relatively grand axisymmetric terminal layout with Incheon Terminal 1. How to keep visitors from getting lost in such a large-scale interior space? Architects turn the terminal into a series of expressive nodal spaces through streamlined skylights, greenery, commerce, and skits that allows travellers to experience culture, art and nature, and further eases their fatigue and creates a rich travel experience across the journey. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)