语法填空攻略
2020-07-09
语法填空题考查学生在篇章中英语词汇、语法、句法的运用能力。想要在语法填空中取得高分,考生需要具备一定的综合运用英语知识的能力,特别是识别语言结构和分析句子成分等方面的能力。语法填空题考核的是基础语言知识,其中,七个提示性填空题主要考查动词、名词、形容词和副词(有时人称代词也会作为提示性填空题考点),以实词特别是动词为主;三个纯空格填空题的考查主要涉及冠词、介词、代词、连词、从句引导词等,以虚词为主。下面结合高考试题做简要分析。
一、提示性填空题
1.动词
动词是语法填空的考查重点,2018年和2019年全国新课标卷六套试卷中,动词的考查比例占到30%—40%。遇到动词时,可以用“一定三思”的方法解题。
做题时,确定空格处的句子成分是非常重要的一步。句中缺少谓语动词时,括号中的动词就是谓语动词(此时要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等),当空缺处不作谓语时,就要考虑其他两种情况,然后再结合相关知识进一步对试题分析作答。
典型例题
① Since 2011, the country61(grow) more corn than rice.(2018全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】该空的提示词为grow,纵观整句可知此处考查动词充当谓语动词形式。根据句中时间状语since可知,谓语动词要用现在完成时形式。最后判断主语country为单数,故该空填has grown。
② On the last day of our week-long stay, we69(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, 70. listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】第69空缺少谓语,由on the last day of our week-long stay可知,句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意:我们受邀去参加一场私人音乐会,可知用被动语态。主语为we,故填were invited。
③ Scientists have responded by67(note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are 68. higher (high) than they actually are.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】第67空主要考查非谓语动词的-ing形式。介词by后接动词时,需用动词的-ing形式作介词的宾语,又因为主语为scientists,与note为主动关系,所以填noting。
④ I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64. looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel (challenge).(2018全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】该空考查系动词和非谓语动词的过去分词形式。此处的feel为系动词,后面通常跟名词或形容词,根据句意可以推断作者不直视大猩猩是为了不让他感受到挑战,因此主语he与challenge是被动关系,feel challenged表示“被挑战”,故该空填challenged。
⑤ She is determined to carry on with her66(educate).(2017全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】此处考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词后面应跟名词,故该空填education。
2.形容词、副词
当括号内所给词是形容词或副词,而空格处仍需要填形容词或副词时,要考虑:加前缀改变其词义;用其比较级或最高级等。若空格处所需词性与括号内不一致,需要考虑词性转换,如形容词转换为副词等。
典型例题
Scientists have responded by 67. noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are68(high) than they actually are.(2019全國新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】第68空考查形容词的比较级。根据其后than they actually are可知,此处应填high的比较级形式higher。
3.名词
括号内提示词为名词时,需考虑两个方面:名词的数和词性转换(如名词转换为形容词等)。
典型例题
① She has turned down several67(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】第67空考查名词的数。根据several可知,此处应该填invitation的复数形式invitations。
② To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and its always (energy).(2018全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】第68空和第69空均考查的是名词的词性转换。其中,第68空考查名词转换为动词,由do exercises to…可知to为不定式符号,故此空应填动词原形,即将strength转化为动词形式strengthen;第69空考查名词转换为形容词,因为并列连词and后已有主语it和系动词is,并且根据句意“跑步便宜,简单并且……”,故此空应填energy的形容词形式energetic。
二、纯空格填空题
1.冠词
冠词用于修饰或限定名词,分为定冠词the和不定冠词a/an,因此需根据被修饰名词的情况考虑使用相应的冠词。
典型例题
Of69nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 70. are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】第69空考查冠词。此处为特指,表示“已知确认的19个亚种群”,故填定冠词the。
2.介词
当空格后的名词、代词或动名词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,需要填介词。具体填什么介词,应根据具体情况来决定。
典型例题
Modern methods63tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64. to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】第63空考查介词。该空后的tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,methods of/for doing sth意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构,意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”,故填of/for。
3.代词
当设空处在句子中作主语或宾语时,可考虑是否填代词。代词也会以提示性填空题的形式进行考查。代词it也是常考点,它除了作人称代词代替某物外,还可代替从句、不定式等作形式主语或形式宾语。
典型例题
However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using67every day.(2017全国新课标卷Ⅱ)
【点拨】第67空指代上文中提到的the railway,需用代词it作宾语。
4.连词或从句引导词
并列的两个单词、短语或句子之间,需要填并列连词;若设空处需要引导从句时,需填相应的从属连词或从句引导词。
典型例题
① They were well trained by their masters64had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019全国新课标卷Ⅲ)
【点拨】第64空考查定语从句的关系代词。句意:它们被主人训练得很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。此句为定语从句,先行词masters(主人),指人,在句中作主语,因此填who。
② Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67. causes (cause).(2018全国新课标卷Ⅰ)
【点拨】该空无提示词,所以判断此空填虚词或从句引導词。本句已有三组谓语made,showed,reduced;其中showed后省略宾语从句的引导词that,而由判断可知此处是先行词study的定语从句,从句缺主语,指代物,因此该空应填关系代词,故填which或that。