用较高级词汇，写较复杂句子

黄馥

高考英语书面表达评分标准第四档（16-20分）和第五档（21-25分）明确指出这两个档次作文的语言要有“较复杂结构或较高级词汇”。

那么，我们在写作中，如何做到有“较复杂结构或较高级词汇”呢？

一、用较高级词汇

英文中高级的词汇就如同汉语中华丽的辞藻。用上符合语境需求而又文雅生动的词语，可以展示考生丰富的词汇积累，同时也体现了作者用心的语言表达。

1. 用后学的词代替先学的词

一般说来，从小学到高中，越是后面学的词越是显得高级，用高中学过的词比用初中学过的词高级，用高三学的词比用高一学的词高级，因此，我们在表达同一意思时，尽可能选后面学的词。如：

[例1] I am writing to apply for the job as an assistant.

句中的名词job （职业、工作）可以替换为：occupation。类似的替换有很多，如：disadvantage→drawback（缺点），ability→capability（能力），way→approach（方法），happiness→delight （快乐）等。

[例2]Computers become more and more important nowadays.

句中的形容词important（重要的）可以替换为：significant。类似的替换有很多，如：difficult→tough（困难的），proper→appropriate（合适的），hard-working→diligent（勤奋的），brave→courageous（勇敢的），sure→convinced （确信的）等。另外，表示“越来越重要”中的“越来越”，用increasingly较more and more显得更高级。

[例3]The village looks very pretty.

句中的副词very （非常地）可以替换为：awfully。类似的替换有很多，如：quickly→swiftly （快速地），greatly→enormously （巨大地），about→approximately （大约）等。

[例4]We are sure to finish the task today.

句中的动词finish （完成）可以替换为accomplish。类似的替换有很多，如：talk→communicate（谈话），help→assist（帮助）等。另外，表示“一定做某事”的be sure to do sth换用be bound to do sth会更为高级。

2. 用短语代替单词

英语中有很多地道的动词短语和介词短语等，都非常好用，掌握各种各样的短语，并出其不意地在写作中替代平淡的单词，就可以让句子“出彩”起来。例如：

[例1]Youd better master the grammar.

句中的master （掌握）可以用have a command of替代。类似的还有很多，如：see→catch sight of （看见），like→be keen on （喜爱），affect→have an effect on（影响）等。

[例2] The good news makes me excited.

句中excited可以用in high spirits替代。又如：

I represent our class to write this letter to invite you to join in our open-air concert.→On behalf of our class， I am writing to invite you to join in our open-air concert.

It is beneficial for you to have a brief understanding of Tang poems in advance.→It is of benefit for you to have a brief understand of Tang poems in advance.

二、写较复杂结构

我们可以从以下四个方面来润色我们的英语句子，让句子结构显得更高级。

1. 将短句改用并列句

简短的句子虽意思明确，但短句有时会显得断续和单调。根据句子间的逻辑关系，可以使用恰当的并列连词将它们串连起来。例如：

You couldnt make loud noise during the meal. You could not speak with your mouth full of food， either. 可以用neither...， nor ... 来串连这两个句子：

You could neither make loud noise nor speak with your mouth full of food during the meal.

可以串连短句的并列连词还有：not only...， but also... /either... or... /and/but等。

2. 將简单句改用复合句

在写作中使用含有从句的复合句，一方面更能凸显语言表达的紧凑感，另一方面也可以让表达更细致。我们可以使用两个方法——合并法和拓展法。

（1）合并法

合并法就是通过发掘简单句之间的关联，将两个或多个简单句处理为复合句。例如：

[例1]My oral English is excellent. I can introduce the history of the Chinese painting to the local visitors.

这两个句子之间有因果关系，所以可以合并为含有结果状语从句的复合句：My oral English is so excellent that I can introduce the history of the Chinese painting to the local visitors.

[例2]Our school was set up in 1950. It is located in the center of Guangzhou city.

这两个句子都在描述同一事物，所以可以合并为含有定语从句的复合句：Our school， which was set up in 1950， is located in the center of Guangzhou city.

（2）拓展法

拓展法就是在简单句的内部对一些句子结构或成分进行扩展，改写成复合句。如：

[例1]In my opinion， Tang culture is one of the most influential ancient cultures all over the world.

可以将插入语in my opinion拓展成为I hold the view that...，这个句子就变成含有同位语从句的复合句：I hold the view that Tang culture is the most influential ancient cultures all over the world.

[例2]Youd better know the history of Tang Dynasty before the lesson.

该句可以拓展为含有主语从句的复合句：What you should prepare before the lesson is to know about the history of Tang Dynasty.

3. 将普通句式改用特殊句式

英语中的特殊句式的使用，可以对句子的某些内容起到加深印象或引起注意的效果，可以通過以下类型的特殊句式，使普通的句子变得“华丽”。

（1）强调

用It is ... that ... 强调句型强调谓语之外的成分。

[例1]Your constant encouragement has increased my confidence in learning English well.

可改为：It is your constant encouragement that has increased my confidence in learning English well.

用助动词do， does， did或副词强调谓语。

[例2]I hope you could take my application into account.

可改为：I do /sincerely hope you could take my application into account.

（2）倒装

[例1]The teachers are very excellent， and they are so patient with students.

可改为：Not only are the teachers very excellent， but also they are so patient with students.

[例2]When we face our mistakes bravely， we could correct them successfully.

可改为：Only when we face our mistakes bravely could we correct them successfully.

[例3]I am so happy that I cant wait to write to tell you some information about our school.

可改为：So happy am I that I cant wait to write to tell you some information about our school.

[例4]You should never give up your dream.

可改为：Never /On no account /By no means /In no way should you give up your dream.

[例5]Although the task is challenging， he managed to accomplish it finally.

可改为：Challenging as the task is， he managed to accomplish it finally.

（3）感叹句

感叹句可以加强句子的语气，无论是赞美或是谴责，都能达到“掷地有声”的效果。如：

It is really an unforgettable experience.

可为：What an unforgettable experience it is！或How unforgettable the experience is！

（4）比较级的否定

I am the most suitable person to do the job.

可改为：Nobody could be more suitable than me to do the job.

（5）比较级+比较级

If you work harder， you will be luckier.

可改为：The harder you work， the luckier you will be.

（6）it充当形式主语或形式宾语

What performance will be put on depends on you.

可改为：It depends on you what performance will be put on.

4. 非謂语动词简化句子

中国古语道：“大道至简。”英语中非谓语动词的使用，让语言表达能达到既锦上添花又化繁为简。保留一个并列句或复合句的一个主谓关系，根据句子间的逻辑关系和时态先后用非谓语动词处理另一个主谓关系，就能让句子“高级”起来。

（1）用不定式短语简化

You could make some preparations for the lesson so you could study well.

可简化为：To study well， you could make some preparations for the lesson.

（2）用现在分词短语简化

Since I know that you plan to visit a Chinese friend， I am writing to provide some suggestions.

可简化为：Knowing that you plan to visit a Chinese friend， I am writing to provide some suggestions.

（3）用过去分词短语简化

The application and resume are also included in the envelop， and would you please help me correct them？

可简化为：Would you please help me correct the application and resume included in the envelop？

（4）用“with +宾语+非谓语动词”简化

I am convinced that you will have fun here because there are various places of interest for you to visit.

可简化为：With various places of interest for you to visit， I am convinced that you will have fun here.

（5）用独立主格结构简化

The Spring Festival is approaching， and an open-air concert is scheduled to celebrate it.

可简化为：The Spring Festival approaching， an open-air concert is scheduled to celebrate it.

责任编辑 蒋小青