短文改错似捉妖 齐天大圣有奇招

段生荣

高考短文改错题旨在检测考生在语篇中发现、判断、纠正错误的能力。该大题成了不少考生的“软肋”。各类错误像“妖魔”，不易辨别，但笔者总结了一套“孙悟空捉妖”式的改错方法。

作为孙悟空，首先要心里明白什么是“妖”，你才能火眼金睛，快速辨别。一篇改错，通常是“1增1删8修改”共10个，组团来袭的“妖魔鬼怪”，其本来面目无外乎三种：词法、句法、行文逻辑等。且各路“妖孽”自有名头，譬如：动词形式错误（如时态前后不一致、并列不一致、時态与时间状语的不一致、主谓不一致、非谓语动词的形式错误），名词的单复数，形容词或副词的句法功能错误，冠词和介词的多用、少用或误用，代词和连词的多用、少用和误用，以及不定式符号to的多用或少用，比较等级，行文逻辑，语义重复等。

其次，身处妖境时，悟空要口中念念有词：“动词形式名词数，句法功能形和副，to和冠介需关注，代词连词细领悟，行文逻辑意重复。”口诀威力如咒语，令魑魅魍魉闻风丧胆，魂飞魄散。

再次，欲镇妖降魔，悟空不能赤手空拳，还须持有三件法器：照妖镜、金箍棒和探照灯。通过眼观六路，明察秋毫，那些明显的一眼假的小妖即可浮出水面、现出原形，将其悉数剿尽（__）;如遇真容难辨、迷惑性强的假悟空、假行者、假大圣，以棒（＼）喝之！而对个别隐身藏匿玩失踪（卧底或潜伏）者，探照灯（∧）伺候，或掘地三尺，或引妖出洞，使其无处遁形！

最后，让我们以2019年全国卷中的短文改错为例，跟着悟空去捉妖，感受此法的奇妙之处。

全国Ⅰ卷

I became interesting① in playing football thanks to a small accident. One afternoon where② I was in primary school， I was walking by the school playground. Suddenly ∧③football fell just in front of me but④ almost hit me. I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly⑤ back to the playground. To everyones surprising⑥， the ball went into the net. All the football player⑦ on the playground cheered loudly， say⑧that I had a talent for football. From now⑨on， I started to play my⑩football with classmates after school. I am a good player now.

悟空按落云头，逐句研读，只见：

①“情感动词”在作祟。由其变来的形容词指人，作表语时，用-ed式。

②李代桃僵。此处用关系副词when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，相当于in the afternoon。

③单数可数名词football活像一个秃子， 孑然而立，莫非其帽冠a被妖风刮走了？

④连接混乱。天外来球“飞落于我眼前”与“差点砸中我”之间为顺承关系，何来转折？

⑤驴唇不对马嘴。hardly与hard， 两者词意、用法截然不同，相去甚远。

⑥固定搭配。To ones + 抽象名词。

⑦孤军作战。绿茵场角逐喝彩，非一己之力所能及，更何况有All修饰！

⑧动词形式。表示主动关系的saying为cheered的伴随状语。

⑨行文逻辑。此一时非彼一时。

⑩画蛇添足。动词play后的冠词或物主代词，恰似一套西服，“打”球“玩”游戏，不穿西装，亦不用冠词或物主代词。而“演奏”乐器时，则西装革履，穿之用之。扰乱纲常，吃我一棒！

全国卷Ⅱ卷

Since I was a kid， Ive considered different job①I would like to do. First， I wanted to be a fireman， whose uniform looked so coolly②. Then， when I was in the five③ grade， I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher too④ much. When I studied chemistry ∧⑤high school， I reconsidered my goal or⑥ decided to be a doctor. They⑦ were two reasons for the decision. One was that I was amazing⑧ at the fact that a sick person could feel much more⑨ better after seeing a doctor. And the other is⑩ that I wanted to help people in need.

经孙行者实地观察，发现：

①消极怠“工”。既然是different的“工种”，后面的名词须用复数;

②固定句式。“主系表”结构，副词怎能做表语？

③张冠李戴。此处用序数词fifth表示顺序。

④言过其实。“喜欢老师”，用so/very即可。

⑤介词缺失。玩灯下黑，致使“学习地点”无法锁定。

⑥连接别扭。前后两项为并列而非选择关系。

⑦固定句式。“There be”句型。

⑧摇身一变。与卷I①同出一辙。

⑨重复比较。皆因much与more争宠邀功所致。

⑩动词时态。应与上文的was呼应，才前后一致。

全國Ⅲ卷

Ive had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to opens① a cafe. Though it may appear simple， it required② a lot of ideas and efforts. What I want is not just an ordinarily③ cafe but a very special one. I want my cafe ∧④have a special theme such as like⑤“Tang Dynasty”. In the cafe， customers will enjoy yourselves⑥ in the historical environment what⑦ is created for them. If I succeed in manage⑧ one， I will open more. I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city⑨. Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an⑩unique style.

却说大圣来到一处阴森恐怖的无名地，不禁警觉起来，但见：

①畸形怪兽。不定式短语to open a cafe在句中作表语。

②时态有误。应与前文的时间状语Now相吻合。

③越俎代庖。对形容词和副词的句法作用含混不清，做定语要用形容词。

④固定搭配。“want sth/sb to do”固定搭配，不定式作宾补。

⑤词义重叠。such as 和like均可表示“比如，像”“诸如”之意，此谓“障眼法”。

⑥指代错误。泛指“顾客们开心”，用第三人称复数反身代词themselves。

⑦李代桃僵。此处关系代词which/that在定语从句中作主语，指代environment。

⑧动词形式。 succeed （in） 后接 -ing式，介词宾语。

⑨冤家路窄。与卷Ⅱ①类似，（many） different后名词用复数形式;

⑩低级错误。不定冠词an只用于读音以元音音素打头的名词或形容词前， 辅音音素前宜用a。好大圣，痛捉众妖，即驾云远去……

综观全局，高考短文改错并非奥妙无穷、深不可测的“黑洞”。只要我们勤于思考，改错得法，练就一身火眼金睛的真功夫，巧用此招，就会屡试不爽。

责任编辑 蒋小青