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老年人多重用药与衰弱的相关性研究进展

2020-07-04费春晓胡松侯新月刘佳毛拥军邢昂

青岛大学学报(医学版) 2020年3期
关键词:综述老年人

费春晓 胡松 侯新月 刘佳 毛拥军 邢昂

[摘要] 老年人多重用药可导致老年综合征的发生,衰弱为老年综合征表现之一。衰弱病人具有不明原因的体质量下降、疲劳感、步速减慢等临床表现,与年龄增长密切相关。衰弱病人容易出现跌倒、谵妄等不良后果,严重影响老年人生活质量,甚至增加老年人死亡风险。目前国内外很多研究表明,应用药物数量可能与衰弱存在联系。本文围绕老年人多重用药、衰弱及二者的联系进行综述,旨在提高对老年人多重用药及衰弱的重视。

[关键词] 老年人;多种药物疗法;衰弱;综述

[中图分类号] R453

[文献标志码] A

[文章编号] 2096-5532(2020)03-0327-04

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.074

[开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]

[网络出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200417.0959.013.html;2020-04-18 09:38

RESEARCH ADVANCES IN MULTIPLE DRUG USE AND ASTHENIA IN THE ELDERLY

FEI Chunxiao, HU Song, HOU Xinyue, LIU Jia, MAO Yongjun, XING Ang

(Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)

[ABSTRACT]Multiple drug use in the elderly can lead to the development of geriatric syndrome (GS), and asthenia is one of the major manifestations of GS. Patients with asthenia tend to have the clinical manifestations of unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and slow walking speed, which are closely associated with the increase in age. Patients with asthenia may also experience adverse outcomes such as falls and delirium, which greatly affect their quality of life and even increase the risk of death. At present, many studies in China and foreign countries have shown that the number of medications may be associated with asthenia. This article reviews multiple drug use, asthenia, and their association in the elderly, in order to improve the awareness of multiple drug use and asthenia in the elderly.

[KEY WORDS]aged; polypharmacy; frailty; review

隨着现代社会物质条件提升,人类寿命逐渐延长,到21世纪中叶发达国家27%人口将在65岁及以上,在日本和一些欧洲国家,老年人口比例将超过35%。在发展中国家,平均预期寿命也从40岁上升到60多岁[1]。老年人往往合并多种慢性疾病,2种或2种以上慢性病共同存在即称为共病。共病可见于2/3的老年人[2],尤其常见于65岁以上老年人[3]。个体疾病种类增多导致老年人同时服用药物的种类及数量不断增多,共病合并多重用药逐渐成为常态。衰弱随着年龄增长普遍存在,表现为生理储备能力与应激能力的下降。据文献报道,85岁及以上人群25%~50%处于衰弱状态,该人群跌倒、残疾、长期护理和死亡的风险显著增加[4]。多重用药与老年人不良事件也具有相关性,多项研究提示多重用药与衰弱呈显著联系[5]。本文主要针对老年人群多重用药与衰弱的关系进行综述。

1 老年人多重用药

由于传染病得到有效控制以及人口老龄化加重,慢性病患病率逐年递增,占据了全球疾病负担50%以上[6],全球因慢性病死亡人数占近2/3[7]。多重用药常见于65岁及以上的老年人,这个年龄组老年病人通常存在共病[8]。多重用药的定义尚未统一,但大部分文献定义为同时使用5种及以上药物,同时使用10种及10种以上药物则被定义为过度多重用药[9-12]。但也有文献指出,因为某些药物同时包含2种或以上药理活性成分,应以其数量定义,否则可能低估服用5种以上药物有效成分的人群数量,无法真实反映多重药物治疗的严重程度[13]。刘淼等[14]研究显示,≥80岁老年人多重用药患病率达64.8%,男性患病率高于女性,人均服药数量为(7.5±4.4)种,老年人同时服用的药物数量随年龄增加呈增长趋势。多重用药可能与下列因素相关。①老年人器官功能衰退及脆弱性增加可导致多重用药,并增加药物不良反应(ADR)[15]。FIELD等[16]研究显示,养老院的老年人在服用5种以上药物时更容易出现ADR。②老年人自主药物治疗现象严重,以非处方药物为代表,此类药物数量增加可导致多重用药[15]。③处方级联:最初由ROCHON等[17]于1995年提出,常发生于长期使用多种药物治疗者。这种现象是指病人接受某一种药物治疗后,这种药物引起了不良事件,导致以新的药物处方处理这些不良事件。老年人多重用药与ADR、药物-药物相互作用(DDIs)和潜在不适当药物

(PIMs)的增加[18-19]以及尿失禁、认知障碍等老年综合征表现相关[8]。为改善多重用药,相应的评估工具用于检测老年人不适当用药,包括药物适宜性指数(MAI)、Beers标准、老年人潜在不适当处方筛查工具(STOPP)/老年人处方遗漏筛查工具(START)标准[8]。自1991年以来,由美国老年医学会(AGS)制定的Beers标准分别于2003、2012、2015年更新;爱尔兰的STOPP/START标准于2008年发布首版,于2014年更新至第2版,其中包括PIMs(STOPP标准)和PPOs(START标准)。这些评估工具对于一般或者身患疾病、综合征的老年人的不适当药物应用起到了监督作用,同时降低了不良事件的发生[20]。

2 老年人衰弱

FRIED等[21]于2001年提出了衰弱表型,但早在20世纪五六十年代,衰弱的概念已经出现在老年医学相关文献中[22]。衰弱是指老年人面对应激时脆弱性增加及维持自身稳态能力下降[4,23],涉及神经系统、内分泌系统等多个系统,容易产生跌倒、谵妄等不良事件,甚至增加了死亡风险[4,21]。一项涉及社区754名70岁及以上老年人的前瞻性研究表明,其最常见的死亡原因是衰弱(27.9%),远高于器官衰竭(21.4%)、癌症(19.3%)和猝死(2.6%)[24]。另外有研究认为衰弱也包括营养状态、肌肉力量、认知功能、社会关系及支持等[25-26]。FRIED等[21]指出,衰弱是一种独特的临床综合征,表现为不明原因体质量下降、疲惫、虚弱(握力下降)、步态缓慢、体力活动减少,满足以上5项标准中3项及以上即可定义为衰弱,满足1项或2项称为衰弱前期(Pre-frailty)[27]。由于衰弱定义、纳入标准及评估量表不同,衰弱患病率差异较大。巴西一项采用埃德蒙顿虚弱量表进行的横断面研究显示,衰弱患病率为47.2%,女性高于男性,与年龄呈正相关性,与老年独居、骨关节疾病史以及既往12个月曾有跌倒史等因素密切相关[28]。而2002年FRIED等[21]通过心血管健康研究数据发现,以衰弱表型为标准得出整体衰弱患病率为6.9%,但与前者相同的是,衰弱患病率随年龄增长而增加,而且多见于女性。多项研究提出衰弱的危险因素与基因、环境、炎症等相关,包括:①C-反应蛋白、白细胞介素(IL-6)、白细胞计数升高与衰老相关,炎症通过氧化应激、细胞凋亡等途径导致衰弱发生[29-30];②良好的营养状态不易发展为衰弱状态[31];③肌少症与衰弱密切相关,可能因为它们某些发病机制相同,比如氧化应激作用、骨骼肌氧化能力降低和线粒体功能障碍与肌少癥和衰弱的发病机制有关[32]。越来越多的衰弱评估工具被应用于量化衰弱程度,包括上述的FRIED标准,以及衰弱指数、埃德蒙顿衰弱量表、衰弱筛查量表、Tilburg衰弱评估量表、格罗宁根衰弱指标(GFI)等。其中最常用的是基于FRIED表型的5项标准,这些评估工具能筛查出衰弱人群并及时干预,减少不良事件发生。

3 老年人多重用药与衰弱

老年人多重用药与衰弱导致不适当药物治疗、跌倒、住院时间延长等不良事件发生,越来越多的研究表明多重用药与衰弱呈相关性。GNJIDIC等[33]发现与衰弱相关的药物种类数量阈值为6.5种。另一项横断面研究表明,欧洲老年人衰弱相关的药物种类数量阈值为6种[34]。其他研究表明,多重用药或过度多重用药(≥10种药物)导致衰弱发病率或者患病率较高[11,35-36]。HASAN等[10]对马来西亚65岁以上老年人进行的研究表明,48%的研究对象与多重用药相关,76%的研究对象处于衰弱状态,GFI评分为6.4±3.6。该研究同时表明药物数量与不适当用药、不适当处方相关,并与GFI正相关。多项临床研究表明,多重用药与衰弱可能呈正相关[36-38]。

多重用药与衰弱两者相关性的因素总结有以下几点。①多重用药可导致衰弱定义中的临床表现[11,39]。GNJIDIC等[11]随访社区≥70岁老年人2年后指出,衰弱老年人较健康老年人在基线水平更容易暴露于高风险处方(多重用药及过度多重用药),即使调整如共病数量等协变量后,这些暴露于高风险处方的老年人随访2年后仍容易发生衰弱。他们推测药物数量可能与体质量减轻、营养不良呈线性关系,而体质量减低及营养不良是衰弱的标志。另外,胆碱酯酶抑制剂和渗透性泻药可能分别导致体质量减低和肌肉无力[40-41]。②衰弱可能导致多重用药。VOLAKLIS等[42]调整年龄、性别、BMI、疾病数量等因素后发现,老年人体力活动下降增加多重用药风险,而增加体力活动则降低其风险。HUSSON等[43]也指出,体力活动缺乏是多重用药6个独立危险因素之一。另外,SGANGA等[44]发现老年人步速及握力与多重用药呈反比关系,即步速更快、握力更大者发生多重用药的风险更小。定期锻炼可以抵消生理功能的年龄相关性下降[45-46],减少血小板聚集和凝血,增加纤维蛋白溶解[47]。在训练高血压、冠状动脉疾病及糖尿病病人时,运动减少了其治疗的药物数量[48]。③老年人被视作特殊人群,他们在多方面与年轻人大不相同,比如在共病、多重用药、药物代谢动力学以及面对ADR的脆弱性等方面[49]。多重用药与ADR[37,50]、PIMs[11,36]、药物不适当处方[51]、依从性低[37]相关,这些都可能导致老年人发展为衰弱。其中多重用药增加谵妄、跌倒等ADR的风险,常见的药物包括抗血小板药物、抗凝药物、抗精神病药物、利尿剂、NSAIDS等。多重用药与药物不良反应OR比为1.21,与跌倒OR比为1.18。药物负担指数(DBI)是一种新的风险评估工具,它结合剂量反应和累积效应参数来衡量抗胆碱能药和镇静药的暴露程度。老年人DBI升高与功能受损明显相关[11],在衰弱老年人中DBI与跌倒风险相关。GNJIDIC等[11]发现,DBI与衰弱发展的OR比值在未调整年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况以及共病数量时为3.19,调整上述因素后为2.14。另外他们指出,最易受到药物不良反应影响的个体更有可能接受高风险处方(多重用药及过度多重用药),而高风险处方治疗与2年随访后衰弱的发展相关。④处方级联[17]与多重用药相关,为了抵消初始药物的副作用,新药治疗的出现导致了多重用药[51]。这些级联过程通常涉及整个药物类别,包括多种药物,常见于长期使用多种药物治疗病人。当出现新的症状时,错误地寻找原因,忽略了药物相关不良事件,从而启动一种新的但是不必要的药物治疗,最终影响老年病人的健康[17],增加发生衰弱的风险。

老年人共病及多重用藥现象普遍,造成药物不良反应多发,甚至出现严重不良反应。多重用药可能与老年人生理功能减退、处方级联等相关,而衰弱可能与炎症、营养状态相关,其病理生理机制以及衰弱增加药物数量的潜在机制需要进一步探索。另一方面,老年人群药物吸收、分布、代谢及排泄功能具有特殊性,需要积极借助衰弱及药物评估工具及时发现不良事件,从而降低老年人跌倒、谵妄、住院时间延长、死亡等风险。

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(本文編辑 黄建乡)

[收稿日期]2019-06-18; [修订日期]2020-01-25

[基金项目]国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC2002100),山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(2015BJYB21)

[第一作者]费春晓(1994-),女,硕士研究生。

[通信作者]邢昂(1963-),女,主任医师,硕士生导师。E-mail:xingang2005@sina.com。

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