由NCP引发的教学思考:如何借助首字母缩略词提升词汇教学
2020-07-04朱靖涛
朱靖涛
摘 要:英语学习离不开词汇教学,然而尽管诸多教学方法已付诸实践,词汇教学仍然需要更新的方法。首字母缩略词(acronym)在生活中应用越来越广泛,如果能够巧妙选取首字母缩略词并融入词汇教学,学生的学习效果将得到有效的提高。
关键词:缩略词 高中英语 词汇教学
一、缩略语对词汇教学的意义
词汇教学是英语教学的基础,必须不断完善词汇教学方法。目前词汇教学方法种类多样,但是首字母缩略词在教学中却应用较少。首字母缩略词(acronym)的使用越来越普遍,涉及政治、经济、军事、文化、科技、地名、人名、度量单位、计算机语言和一般行文等各个方面。[1]
人在记忆事物的时候,是有规律可循的,如时间规律、数量规律、联系规律、转化规律、干涉规律和强化规律等。联系规律就是了解了事物之间的联系后对新了解事物的记忆;强化规律就是需要记忆的内容能够强烈地激起兴趣,让人的感受较为深刻。[2]
利用首字母缩略词进行词汇教学包含新旧事物的联系,旧事物为已知的缩略词,新事物为缩略词的全称,这符合记忆的联系规律。同时,利用首字母缩略词进行词汇教学能够极大地激发学生兴趣,这符合记忆的强化规律。
二、首字母缩略词教学案例
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第十版)共收录首字母缩略490个,其中适合高中词汇教学的包括三类:1. 新出现的缩略词 2. 学生普遍感兴趣的缩略词 3. 高频使用的缩略词。
1.新出现的首字母缩略词
社会发展推动语言发展,缩略词词库也不断扩大。出现新的高频缩略词时,教师如果能抓住时机对学生进行讲解,那么学生对新事物的浓厚兴趣能有效提高词汇掌握效果。如2020年初的新词汇NCP(Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia,新型冠状病毒肺炎)就是很好的讲解novel(新颖的)的范例,教学案例如下:
T: Do you know the full name of the current disease NCP?
S: No, I dont.
T: Actually the three letters respectively stand for “Novel”, “Coronavirus” and “Pneumonia”. And when we compare it with its Chinese name, we will find “novel”, in this context, means “新型的” in Chinese, rather than “小说”.
S: Then, why dont we just use “new”, which we have long learned before?
T: Its a good question, and there exist some differences between “novel” and “new”. “Novel” is used to emphasize something has never been seen before, while “new” indicates something is not used before, which is in contrast of “old”.
2.学生感兴趣的首字母缩略词
高中阶段,很多学生对NBA非常感兴趣,但大多同学并不清楚NBA的全称是什么,这就是一个教学契机。通过讲解National Basketball Association (美国篮球协会),能让学生很快掌握association作为“协会”的意项。再由此出发,可以联系到associate 这个动词的用法上,讲解be associated with这样的高中核心短语。教学案例如下:
T: I know that many of you are NBA fans, but have you thought about the full name for NBA?
S: No, we just know the short name.
T: Well, actually the full name for this abbreviation is National Basketball Association. So association means a group of people who have joined together for a particularpurpose. Similarly, we have “the Football Association”, “a residents association” and so on.
S: Is this word related to “associate”?
T: Yes, exactly. “Association” is the noun form of “associate”. “Be associated with” means “be connected with”, and in fact, speaking of “association”, it just means a group of people who are connected with each other.
3.高頻使用的首字母缩略词
这类缩略语虽然不一定是学生的兴趣所在,但使用频率很高,如GDP。GDP几乎是使用最多的经济术语,为所有学生熟悉。如果教师向学生提问GDP三个字母代表什么,学生一定会绞尽脑汁去思考对应的三个单词,这本身是对学生词汇储备的一个积极调动。不论学生是否成功找出对应的三个词,教师在讲解“Gross Domestic Product”的时候,学生都能有良好的掌握。教学案例如下:
T: I heard that you learned a new term in your geography class, GDP, right?
S: Yes, we all know this economic term.
T: But who can tell me what the three letters stand for?
S: I only know the Chinese name is “国内生产总值”.
T: Well, then, can you do a matching work between the Chinese and the English? Which letter stands for “国内”, which for “生产” and which for “总值”?
S: I guess “G” stands for “总值”,“D” for “国内” and “P” for “生产”, but I dont know the corresponding words.
T: Good job! You did a correct matching work. “G” is the initial letter of “Gross”, “P” of “Product” and “D”, most importantly, stands for “Domestic”, which is one of the key words in our text as well. Besides, we can use “domestic market”, “domestic tourism” and so on as a contrast to “overseas market”, “overseas tourism” and so forth.
结语
首字母缩略词形式简单、容易记忆、含义丰富、关联生活。将首字母缩略词融入词汇教学完全符合记忆的核心规律。因此,高中英语教师应该具备足够的敏感性,巧妙地利用新颖的、学生感兴趣的首字母缩略词提升词汇教学。
参考文献
[1]賈桂华.英语缩略语的读法[J].镇江师专学报(社会科学版),1991(2):57-60.
[2]冯爱琼.浅析记忆规律在高中英语词汇教学中的应用[J].课程教育研究,2017(11):138-139.