经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注预防高危非肌层 浸润性膀胱癌术后复发的效果
2020-06-03罗超甘泉柯莽韩子华
罗超 甘泉 柯莽 韩子华
[摘要] 目的 探討经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注预防高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)术后复发的效果。 方法 选取2014年1月~2017年1月泌尿科行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)治疗的高危NMIBC患者68例,随机分为观察组与对照组,各34例。对照组患者采用TURBT+术后24 h内膀胱灌注进行治疗,此后采用规则膀胱灌注,连用8个月。观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上在首次TURBT术后再次予以TURBT,后采用规则膀胱灌注,连用8个月。观察两组患者术中术后并发症的发生率,并随访2年观察肿瘤复发状况及肿瘤进展状况。 结果 对照组患者术中术后发生并发症2例(5.88%),观察组患者术中术后发生并发症4例(11.76%),两组患者术中术后并发症的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.18,P>0.05)。随访2年,观察组患者的肿瘤复发率明显低于对照组(χ2=4.53,P<0.05),观察组患者肿瘤进展率明显低于对照组(χ2=4.22,P<0.05)。 结论 经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注可预防高危NMIBC患者术后中远期疾病复发,减少肿瘤进展率。
[关键词] 非肌层浸润性膀胱癌;高危;经尿道二次电切;膀胱灌注
[中图分类号] R737.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)09-0025-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of transurethral resection combined with intravesical instillation in the prevention of recurrence of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC). Methods A total of 68 patients with high-risk NMIBC who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors(TURBT) from January 2014 to January 2017 were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 34 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with TURBT and intravesical instillation within 24 hours after surgery, and then treated with regular intravesical instillation for 8 months. Patients in the observation group were given TURBT again after the first TURBT on the basis of the treatment in the control group, and then were treated with regular bladder infusion for 8 months. The incidence of postoperative complications was observed in the two groups, and the tumor recurrence and tumor progression were observed after 2 years of follow-up. Results In the control group,2 patients(5.88%) had intraoperative and postoperative complications.4 patients(11.76%) had intraoperative and postoperative complications in the observation group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications between the two groups (χ2=0.18, P>0.05). After 2 years of follow-up, the tumor recurrence rate of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (χ2=4.53, P<0.05). The tumor progression rate of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (χ2=4.22, P<0.05). Conclusion Repeat transurethral resection combined with intravesical instillation can prevent the middle-term and long-term recurrence of disease in patients with high-risk NMIBC and reduce the rate of tumor progression.
[Key words] Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer; High risk; Repeat transurethral resection; Intravesical instillation
膀胱癌是我国泌尿生殖系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,绝大部分为尿路移行上皮癌,其中非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(non muscle-invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)发病率约70%~85%[1,2]。经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transur-ethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)是治疗NMIBC首选术式,但术后肿瘤的残余率可达25%~70%,且存在临床分期低估问题[3,4]。近年来国内外有学者提出对NMIBC,尤其是高危NMIBC进行二次TURBT可降低肿瘤的复发率及进展率[5,6]。本研究观察了经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注预防高危NMIBC术后复发的效果,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2014年1月~2017年1月我院泌尿科行TURBT治疗的高危NMIBC患者68例。纳入标准[7]:(1)术前经膀胱镜活检及TURBT术后病理检查确诊为NMIBC;(2)均为高危NMIBC,符合T1、G3、多发肿瘤,肿瘤直径≥2 cm。排除标准[8]:(1)肌层浸润性膀胱癌或首次TURBT治疗不彻底存在肉眼病灶者;(2)TURBT术后经病理检查无法作出准确分期及分级者。采用随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各34例。两组患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤数目及肿瘤直径等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
1.2 方法
对照组患者采用TURBT+術后24 h内膀胱灌注进行治疗,其中TURBT方法:患者取全麻,从尿道外口插入等离子电切镜进入膀胱,电切肿瘤及周边1 cm膀胱黏膜,深达浅肌层,基底部电灼;膀胱灌注采用40 mg吡柔比星针(海正辉瑞制药有限公司,规格:10 mg/瓶,国药准字H20045983)+40 mL生理盐水进行治疗,保留1 h;此后采用规则膀胱灌注,1次/周,连用8周,此后改为1次/4周,连用8个月。观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上在首次TURBT术后再次予以TURBT,后采用规则膀胱灌注,1次/周,连用8周,此后改为1次/4周,连用8个月。术后予以定期膀胱镜检查及尿脱落细胞学检查。观察两组患者术中术后并发症的发生率,并随访2年观察肿瘤复发状况及肿瘤进展状况。
1.3 观察指标
1.3.1 术中术后并发症 包括发热性尿道感染、尿道狭窄、膀胱大出血和膀胱穿孔等。
1.3.2 肿瘤复发及进展状况 肿瘤复发是指术后定期复查膀胱镜活检发现存在膀胱癌;肿瘤进展是指术后复查发现膀胱癌复发并进展为浸润性膀胱癌,包括T2期(肿瘤侵犯肌层)、T3期(肿瘤侵犯浆膜层)和T4期(肿瘤侵犯膀胱周围组织)。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS20.0软件,计量和计数资料分别用均数±标准差(x±s)和百分比[n(%)]表示,采用t或χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者术中术后并发症发生率比较
对照组患者术中术后并发症2例(5.88%),其中发热性尿道感染和尿道狭窄各1例;观察组患者术中术后并发症4例(11.76%),其中膀胱穿孔、发热性尿道感染、膀胱大出血和尿道狭窄各1例。两组患者术中术后并发症的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.18,P>0.05)。
2.2 两组患者随访2年观察肿瘤复发状况及肿瘤进展状况比较
随访2年,观察组患者复发6例,其中5例再次行TURBT,1例行膀胱全切术。对照组患者复发14例,其中12例再次行TURBT,2例行膀胱全切术。观察组患者的肿瘤复发率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.53,P<0.05);观察组患者肿瘤进展率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.22,P<0.05)。见表2、3。
3 讨论
TURBT是目前治疗NMIBC的首选诊治方法,能完整保留膀胱,具有手术创伤小、手术简便、手术时间短、术后恢复快等优点,深受医生与患者的青睐,但此种术式同样存在一定的缺点,存在手术视野小,肿瘤切除不彻底,尤其对侵入固有层的肿瘤,经尿道初次进行电切术时手术切除的范围及深度难以标准化,肉眼对膀胱肿瘤的判断存在着偏差,往往难以彻底清除等缺点,术后标本病理分期低于肿瘤实际分期等问题,高肿瘤残余率使术后复发率高,且增加了肿瘤进展风险[9-11]。Herr HW[5]研究发现单次TURBT治疗NMIBC,术后肿瘤的残留率和复发率较高,尤其是高危NMIBC患者短期复发率高达50%,其肿瘤进展较快。对高危NMIBC如得不到有效治疗控制,一旦发展为肌层浸润膀胱癌或浸润至膀胱外或发生远处转移,即使进行强有力全身化疗,患者生存时间平均只有11个月左右,5年生存率少于10%[12-14]。
高危NMIBC具有复杂的生物学行为,与浸润性膀胱癌较为相似,具有进展快、术后复发率很高等特点,以往临床上常采用膀胱全切术进行治疗,但其对机体创伤大,预后效果较差,极易产生并发症等,对患者的肠道功能、性功能以及泌尿功能均可产生了严重影响;且术后需输尿管腹壁造口,定期更换输尿管支架,严重影响患者的生活质量[15-17]。但随着“二次电切”理念的提出,越来越多的学者建议对于高危NMIBC患者可行二次电切术[18-20]。研究已证实对NMIBC患者,尤其是高危NMIBC患者首次TURBT后应施行再次TURBT可避免肿瘤残存,降低肿瘤的复发率,延长肿瘤复发时间[21-23]。再次TURBT是指首次TURBT手术后4~6周内再次行TURBT治疗,其手术范围较常规TURBT更广泛,可更深层地切除病灶的基底部及深肌层,并且电灼所有可疑肿瘤病灶,又能发现遗漏病灶,有利于提高肿瘤的分期准确率;同时残余肿瘤被二次TURBT彻底清除后,患者的肿瘤负荷减少,可以提高膀胱灌注效果,优化治疗方案;而且能在初次手术的基础上进一步清除原电切部位的残存肿瘤,修正一部分的病例分期错误[24,25]。本研究结果显示,两组患者术中术后并发症的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义。提示经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注治疗高危NMIBC安全性较好,不增加术中术后并发症的发生率。同时研究还发现治疗后随访2年,观察组患者的肿瘤复发率明显低于对照组,观察组患者肿瘤进展率明显低于对照组。提示经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注可预防高危NMIBC患者术后中远期疾病复发,减少肿瘤进展率。这可能与残余膀胱肿瘤经尿道二次电切可有效彻底清除后降低肿瘤负荷,减少肿瘤病灶的遗漏,提高肿瘤的分期准确率、提高膀胱灌注效果、减少术后肿瘤的复发及进展有关[26,27]。
总之,经尿道二次电切联合膀胱灌注可预防高危NMIBC患者术后中远期疾病复发,减少肿瘤进展率。但由于本研究为单中心研究,且纳入的样本量偏少、随访时间较短,必要时进行多中心和大样本的前瞻性研究以进一步完善。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-31)