脉冲激光引流在囊肿型痤疮患者中的应用
2020-06-01何小亮何圆董东
何小亮 何圆 董东
[摘要]目的:分析脈冲激光引流在囊肿型痤疮患者中的应用效果。方法:选择笔者医院2017年3月-2018年6月皮肤科收治的176例囊肿型痤疮患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=85)和观察组(n=91),对照组采用红蓝光治疗,观察组予以脉冲激光排脓治疗,比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后皮损积分,皮肤油脂含量及角质含水量,生活质量变化情况,不良反应和随访情况。结果:观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组皮损积分、皮肤油脂含量及角质含水量,生活质量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组皮损积分、皮肤油脂含量及生活质量评分均下降,观察组低于对照组,两组角质含水量均上升,观察组高于对照组,均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均有一过性水肿性红斑、紫癜及面部脱屑发生,组间总不良反应发生率比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访半年,两组治疗区域均无明显的瘢痕形成,对照组有2例发生轻微的凹陷性瘢痕,观察组有5例发生轻微的凹陷性瘢痕,且均未复发。结论:脉冲激光排脓治疗囊肿型痤疮疗效确切,安全性高,可促进皮损消退,后期无明显瘢痕形成。
[关键词]囊肿型痤疮;脉冲激光;红蓝光;疗效;安全性
[中图分类号]R758.73+3 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2020)03-0048-04
Abstract: Objective To analyze the application of pulsed laser drainage in patients with acne cyst. Methods 176 patients with cystic acne admitted to the dermatological department of our hospital from March 2017 to June 2018 were selected and divided into control group (n=85) and observation group (n=91) according to the random number table method., the control group was treated with red and blue light, and the observation group was treated with pulsed laser abscess, then clinical curative effect, changes of her lesions integral, skin sebum and cutin moisture content, the quality of life before and after the treatment, adverse reactions and follow-up were compared in both group. Results The total effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in skin lesion score, skin oil content and horny water content between the two groups (P>0.05). After the treatment, the skin lesion score, skin oil content and quality of life score of the two groups all decreased, the observation group was lower than the control group, the horny water content in both group was increased, the observation group was higher than the control group, the comparison was statistically significant (P<0.05). Transient edema erythema, purpura and facial desavastation occurred in both groups, and there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of total adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). After a half-year follow-up, no obvious scar formation was found in the treatment area of the two groups. 2 patients in the control group had mild pitting scars, and 5 patients in the observation group had mild pitting scar without recurrence. Conclusion Pulsed laser abscess treatment of acne cyst is effective and safe, can promote the skin lesion regression, no obvious scar formation later.
2.2 两组治疗前后痤疮皮损积分比较:治疗前,两组痤疮皮损积分比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);治疗后,两组痤疮皮损积分均下降,观察组低于对照组,比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。
2.3 两组治疗前后皮肤油脂含量及角质含水量比较:治疗前,两组皮肤油脂含量及角质含水量比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);治疗后,两组皮肤油脂含量均下降,观察组低于对照组,两组角质含水量均上升,观察组高于对照组(P<0.05),见表4。
2.4 两组治疗前后生活质量评分比较:治疗前,两组生活质量评分比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);治疗后,两组生活质量评分均下降,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表5。
2.5 两组不良反应发生情况比较:两组均有一过性水肿性红斑、紫癜及面部脱屑发生,组间总不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),见表6。
2.6 随访情况:随访半年,两组治疗区域均无明显的瘢痕形成,对照组有2例发生轻微的凹陷性瘢痕,观察组有5例发生轻微的凹陷性瘢痕,且均未复发,见图1~2。
3 讨论
囊肿型痤疮多发生在面颊部,皮损呈多发性,容易反复发作,且难以治愈,明显影响患者容貌美观。口服异维A酸联合抗生素是囊肿型痤疮的首选疗法,但有研究认为[9],其囊肿壁厚,药物难以渗入至囊肿内部发挥杀菌消炎作用,加上此类药物存在副作用,对备孕女性及未成年人有一定局限性。尽管手术对于囊肿型痤疮有良好效果,但容易产生瘢痕,且影响患者美观。
近年来,光学、激光等物理疗法已开展于临床,红蓝光是目前治疗寻常性痤疮安全、高效的方式,红光能够直接作用于皮下组织,增强细胞的新陈代谢,起到镇痛、消炎作用,且可促进胶原再生,减少瘢痕形成,蓝光又可杀伤痤疮丙酸杆菌,从而改善患者皮肤质地、色泽及纹理[10]。尽管红蓝光在寻常性痤疮应用中较为成熟,但相关研究发现[11],其对囊肿型痤疮的效果不甚理想,可能与重度痤疮患者囊肿壁较厚,无法充分吸收光谱有关,从而影响疗效,延长囊肿吸收及愈合时间。
目前,随着激光技术的不断进步,高频率、高能量的脉冲激光为囊肿型痤疮的治疗提供了新方向。脉冲激光具有操作简便,精确度高和易被患者接受等优势,可精准计量单点及总能量,从而避免传统激光治疗能量不精准所致的正常组织及周围皮肤损伤,另外又可集中能量至小光斑上,确保单个脉冲能量可气化目标组织,并减少激光热损伤[12]。利用脉冲激光打孔排脓能够促进皮脂性脓液的分泌,清除囊腔内容物和囊壁,破坏痤疮病原菌繁殖场所,促进炎症消散。相关研究报道[13],脉冲激光刺激能够启动皮肤的修复程序,促进表皮及真皮在内的全层皮肤的重塑及重建,起到治疗作用。另有研究发现[14],脉冲激光排脓能够形成多个穿透皮肤的孔径,可作为传递药物进入皮肤的通道,利于药物吸收。一项随机对照研究表明[15],脉冲激光能够明显减轻囊肿型痤疮患者局部化脓感染状态,缩短结痂持续时间。López-Estebaranz JL等[16]研究得出结论,脉冲激光能够提高痤疮患者临床疗效。以上研究表明,脉冲激光在痤疮治疗上有良好作用,但在囊肿型痤疮中的效果尚不明确。本研究结果显示,脉冲激光组总有效率较常规治疗组高,说明其在囊肿型痤疮治疗上有一定优势,考虑与脉冲激光可抑制痤疮丙酸杆菌增殖,并直接作用于皮脂腺和毛囊,导致病灶组织产生坏死及变性,利于毛囊口的扩张、排脓,促进局部微环境及微循环的改善有关。另外本研究结果发现,脉冲激光治疗后皮损评分相对较低,证实其更有利于痤疮皮损的消退,改善患者面部美观情况。
有研究发现[17],痤疮患者面部皮质分泌较为旺盛,可破坏角质细胞结构,引起皮肤屏障功能损伤,从而加重局部的炎症反应,促进病情的进展。又有研究认为[18],痤疮能够引起皮肤表层微环境变化,影响皮肤局部含水量,导致表皮角化过度,通过观察其治疗前后改变能够评价临床疗效。本研究发现治疗后患者皮肤油脂含量均下降,角质含水量相应上升,且脉冲激光组变化更明显,表明脉冲激光能够更有效地改善痤疮患者皮肤状态,考虑与脉冲激光可有效排脓,且明显改善局部皮损状态,从而减轻痤疮对皮肤形成的影响,增加皮肤角质层含水量,从而提高皮肤对病原菌的抵抗力,增强治疗效果有关。临床资料表明[19],痤疮在青春期的发生率最高,且多发于面部,从而明显影响患者学习工作及生活。一项统计报道[20],多数重度痤疮患者有情绪低落、自卑及抑郁等表现。本研究结果显示,脉冲激光组治疗后生活质量评分低于常规治疗组,说明通过脉冲激光治疗能够明显提高患者生活质量。但脉冲激光在囊肿型痤疮中的安全性尚无明确定论,笔者科室研究发现,两组均有一过性水肿性红斑、紫癜及面部脱屑发生,治疗后2~4d局部囊肿均自动脱痂愈合,仅留下较小的萎缩性瘢痕,治疗后6个月瘢痕均被正常皮肤覆蓋,无明显的瘢痕形成,不影响患者美观。
综上所述,脉冲激光排脓治疗囊肿型痤疮的疗效确切、安全性高,可促进皮损消退,后期无明显瘢痕形成。但本研究受到观察条件的限制,其治疗产生的分子及细胞机制尚需进一步研究。
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[收稿日期]2019-09-23
本文引用格式:何小亮,何圆,董东.脉冲激光引流在囊肿型痤疮患者中的应用[J].中国美容医学,2020,29(3):48-52.