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高考英语书面表达增加细节的五大技巧

2020-05-28罗雪梅李思灯

广东教育·高中 2020年5期
关键词:信件段落状语

罗雪梅 李思灯

纵观近五年(2015—2019年)高考英语全国卷书面表达,都是书信体裁,基本以文字提纲的方式呈现,要点明确,任务具体,结构清晰。试题的“注意”部分要求考生“可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯”。这种灵活的命题方式既给了考生较大的发挥空间,又对考生提出了更高要求。高考英语作文评分标准第五档(很好):(21-25分),涵盖了如下特点:

完全完成了试题规定的任务:(1)覆盖所有内容要点;(2)应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;(3)语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致,具备较强的语言运用能力;(4)有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑,完全达到了预期的写作目的。

而在考试中,有些考生无话可说,仅仅简单翻译所给信息点,文章显得单调乏味,字数不足;有些考生信口开河,随意发挥,导致详略不当,偏离主题。因此,如何合理有效地增加细节是书面表达题得分的关键。下面我们以历年高考真题为例谈谈增加细节的五大技巧。

一、增加交际功能性语言

书信体是一种具有很强交际功能的应用文体,通常有明确的目的,或为了增进感情,或为了获取信息,或寻求帮助等,注重实用性,语言朴实简洁,结构相对稳定。为了创造准确、实用、真实的文本语境,我们可以在书信的开头和结尾适当添加交际功能性的语言。如围绕作者和读者之间的关系,添加得体的交际用语。

1. 收信人和写信人是朋友关系。

在书信的开头可以添加问候语How are you doing these days? 或根据题目提供的语境增加合适的寒暄语。如(2017年全国I卷):

假定你是李华,正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。可以增加以下细节:

Dear Leslie,

How are you doing today? I am very glad that youve been making great progress in your Chinese learning. Now I am writing to inform you of our course schedule of our next class.

通过题目中的情景“正在教你的英国朋友学习汉语”,补充与之相关的交际话语——你的中文进步很大,自然地引入写信的目的,符合交际实际,使信件显得自然得体。

2. 收信人是长辈或地位高一点的人,或陌生人。

在信件开头可以补充自我介绍,以表尊重。如(2019年全国Ⅰ卷):

假定你是李华,暑期在伦敦学习,得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者。

Dear Sir,

My name is Li Hua, a Chinese student who is currently studying in London in this summer.

结合题目中设置的情景,增加个人身份介绍,合情合理,符合交际需要。

3. 回应来信所提问题,自然引出写作目的。

有些书面表达题,要求考生根据题目要求,给对方回信。在這类信件中,在信件先提及对方的来信内容,说明回信背景。如(2018年全国I卷):

假定你是李华,你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客,发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件。可以这样开篇:

Dear Terry,

Im very delighted to receive your letter saying that you are going to visit a friend in China. As for the customs youve asked about, I have some tips for you.

用“Im very delighted to receive your letter saying that ...”很自然地说明了写信背景,点明写作目的。

4. 根据信件不同的写作目的,补充适当的开头和结尾。

不同类型的信件一般会有特定的格式,我们要用心去整理和归纳。如建议信:

写作目的——I am writing to give you some practical/constructive suggestions.

信件结尾——I do hope that youll find these suggestions useful/ beneficial/helpful.

二、扩充写作要点的具体内容

书面表达题一般会有文字提纲和写作要点提示,我们要根据提示要求,通过列举等添加与要点相关的具体内容。如:

(1)(2017年全国I卷),内容包括:时间和地点。

We will have our next Chinese lesson in Room 501, Building 1 this Friday evening, starting at 7 oclock.

在这个句子中,补充了具体详细的时间和地点。

(2)(2019年全国I卷)内容包括:个人优势。

Born into a family which attaches great importance to traditional Chinese culture, I have been learning Chinese painting ever since I was in primary school, which enables me to get the hang of the knowledge of Chinese painting, including the styles, skills and history behind it.

增加了个人优势——对中国画的了解,同时用such as 列举了流派、技巧、历史等,使内容充实又具说服力。

三、添加句子成分,拓展句子,充实文章

在要点句基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分,如定语(从句),状语(从句)(如原因、目的、结果、让步、方式)等,使语言逻辑清晰,便于理解。

1. 巧用修饰语。

恰当地使用形容词或定语从句使句子更加形象生动。如:

(2017年全国Ⅰ卷)上课内容:学习唐诗

We are going to learn Tang Poetry.

→In the next lesson, we are going to learn the fantastic Tang poetry, which plays an extremely significant role in the Chinese literature and enjoys a great popularity among the old and the young as well.

在要點句“学习唐诗”的基础上,添加了形容词fantastic及定语从句,内容充实,语言丰富,富有感染力。

2. 明确交待原因。

交待原因是为了使句意更完整,避免给读者留下疑问。交待原因通常可以借助介词短语或原因状语从句,如owing to, due to, because of, thanks to, as a result of, because, as, since, now that等词语引导。如:

(2019年全国Ⅰ卷)你能做的事情

I can act as a guide for the visitors, as I am not only familiar with the Chinese paintings but also capableof explaining the meanings and beauty hidden behind them in English fluently.

3. 清晰阐明目的。

在句子中使用阐明目的的词语,如: so as (not) to, in order to, so that, in order that, for the fear that, for the purpose of等,使句子条理清晰,逻辑性强。如:

(2019年全国?域卷)赛前准备

In order to provide the students with a fantastic match, we need to have enough training.

4. 恰当补充条件,增强表达效果。

可以通过if, as long as, only if, unless, provided that, supposing that等引导条件状语。如:

(2019年全国?域卷)赛前准备。

Only if we devote ourselves to practicing hard before the match can we have the chance to win the championship.

5. 合理延伸结果。

可用so that, so ... that, such ... that或therefore, hence等来增加结果状语句。如:

(2019年全国I卷)内容包括:个人优势。

As a Chinese student currently studying in London, I have a good knowledge of both English and Chinese so that I can communicate with the visitors fluently.

6. 添加与要点相关的让步状语等内容。

可通过although, though, while, as, even though, even if, whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter+疑问词等添加与写作内容相关的信息。如:

(2016年全国Ⅰ卷)请她帮你修改所附材料

Though I wrote my resume and an application letter immediately, I am not sure whether they are written correctly and properly. Would you please be so kind as to give me some suggestions?”

四、添加过渡词,突出篇章连贯性

根据行文或段落需要,在句子与句子或段落与段落之间适当增加过渡词语或过渡句,以使文章浑然一体,提高说服力。例如,如果是叙述事情发展经过的,可以用first, then, later, finally等词语或 when, before, after, until引导的状语从句等连接过程;表示递进关系可用besides, moreover, furthermore, whats more, whats worse;表示转折关系可用however, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast等;表示因果关系可用therefore, so, hence, as a result, consequently等。如:

(2015年全国?域卷)2. 活动:包饺子,表演节目等。

We will make dumplings and put on performances and so on.

→On that day, there will be variety of activities. First, we will make dumplings together with the elderly people there. After that, we will put on some well-prepared performances, including singing, dancing, cross-talks and some fun games, which we hope will make them happy. Finally, we will also take some photos in memory of the wonderful moment before we come back.

如果像原句那样直译,语言直白,语气平淡,字数难以达到写作要求。通过增加段落的主題句“On that day, there will be a variety of activities.”使用first, after that, finally等,厘清了活动的过程,并对活动进行详细描述,将句子拓展成为有组织的段落,使文章内容充实,篇章连贯。

五、补充个人感受和评价

作者如果能在行文中流露真实情感,则可以有效缩短与读者之间的距离,使读者产生共鸣。可用be more than happy to do, to ones surprise /disappointment /delight, out of ones expectation, luckily, sadly等词表达个人情绪。如:

(1)(2019年全国I卷)得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。

I learn that the local gallery is to hold an exhibition of Chinese paintings.

→I am more than thrilled to learn that there will be a Chinese painting exhibition in our local art gallery.

改写后的句子让读者感受到作者的喜悦之情,也能充分理解其申请做志愿者的原因。

(2)(2016年全国?芋卷)说明因故不能赴约的原因

I was going to meet you at ten oclock on Friday afternoon. However, out of my expectation, I have to stay at home to take care of my sick brother as my parents have to work on that day.

在说明原因中用了out of expectation体现了作者不能赴约实在是事发突然,不得已为之,也让读者感受了他的无奈抱歉之情。

总之,我们要根据题目所设置的交际情景以及所给信息,增加恰当得体的细节,使文章内容充实,篇章连贯,表达得体,体现较高的语言表达运用能力。

责任编辑蒋小青

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