掌握文脉词语巧解完形填空

邱彩花

完形填空题不是单靠语感来决定选项的，一定要通过上下文的语境来决定。在答题之前，首先要对文章的主题和脉络有个清晰的把握。

纵观历届高考完形填空题，其文本多数是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文体，记叙文或夹叙夹议通常都是讲述一个故事，正如蔡康永所说的“是个故事就要‘有意义，而且‘不顺利。”

“有意义”就是故事的寓意，是指作者在经历某次事件之后从中得出的道理、感悟或经验教训，通常会在故事的结尾点出，有时也会在故事的一开头就说明。

“不顺利”则是指作者或故事主人翁所经历的曲折，通常是开头并不顺利、历经磨难、出现转机或终于成功做成某事或者脱险等，其中要经历自身心理的抗争，身体的挣扎，故事情节可能跌宕起伏、经历一波三折，无论开头有多么的艰难或多么的不幸，到故事的最后，情节都会出现反转，主人公都会获得成功、对社会做出了贡献、心理起了变化、心灵得到救赎等。

因此，找出文中能体现文脉的或有关故事情节发展的关键语句，对正确解题至关重要。笔者从近几年的高考试题中梳理出了有关文脉络的词汇，希望对考生考前复习有所帮助。

一、表示不顺利的词语

表达如天气恶劣、道路堵塞、供应中断等不顺利的词或短语有很多。如：

倾盆大雨rain heavily， pour

暴雨storm， thunderstorm

难以忍受的unbearable

撞车car crash

遇上瓢泼大雨be caught in a downpour

被绊住/卡住/夹住be caught（in /on）

卡住不能动stick

被困be trapped in

（路）被阻断be blocked out

（路）湿滑 / 滑倒slip， slippery， slide

冻得/怕发抖be shaking with fear /cold

迷路lose ones way， be lost in， be at a loss

（食物/水/电力等）中断（food /water /electricity supplies） be cut off

即学即练

1.（2016全国Ⅲ卷）One afternoon， I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller _________ going over a fence—which wasnt hard to climb if you had both arms.

A. stuck B. hurt C. tired D. lost

2.（2016年浙江卷）My husband was ordered out on a long-term duty， and I was left in a tiny shack（棚屋）alone. The heat was_________—almost 125°F even in the shade of a cactus（仙人掌）.

A. inflexible B. incomprehensible

C. uncontrollableD. unbearable

答案：1. A 2. D

二、表示歷经磨难的词语

碰到某人run into sb， came across sb， come on /upon sb

奋斗，战斗fight

奋力，尽力struggle

遭受/经历through /go through

遭受苦难suffer

遭遇（困难等）be met with

面临/必须对付be faced with

前往made ones way to /towards

挤进去push ones way

蜿蜒向前wind /wound ones way

摸索着前进feel ones way

挑战/受到挑战challenge/ challenged

眼泪从脸上留下tears pour down ones cheek

被拒绝be turned down， be rejected /refused /declined

被打败felt beaten

倍感挫败feel frustrated

倍感失望disappointed

击败，打败defeat/ defeated

汗流浃背sweat （vi.）

紧张的nervous /anxious

叹气sigh

放弃give up

徒劳in vain

陷入困境中in trouble

即学即练

1.（2019年全国Ⅱ卷）Jeff had hunted in Lowa before Thanksgiving with his dog， Rosie， but the gun shots had scared the dog off. Jeff searched________for Rosie in the next four days.

A. on purposeB. on timeC. in turnD. in vain

2.（2018年全国Ⅱ卷）Getting a little closer， I realized one kayak（皮划艇）was in________.“Somethings not right ！”

A. troubleB. advanceC. questionD. battle

答案：1. D 2. A

三、表示成功或结果的词句

表示成功做成某事、实现目标、对社会做出了贡献、心理起了变化等的词句。如：

所有的付出都有了回报。All efforts paid off.

我的计划奏效了。My plan worked. / It worked perfectly.

我成功了！I made it.

我成功地做成某事。I succeeded in doing sth.

实现某人的目标/目的fulfill /realize / achieve / reach ones aim goal

变得强大/坚定grow tall /big /bigger /determined

成为……最优秀的人make sb the top of /be ranked the best

改善/促进promote /improve /better

救，挽救，拯救save

接受accept

导致/促进result in， cause， lead to， contribute to，

使……摆脱free ... from ...

松了一口气relief /relieve

如释重负地松了口气breathe a sigh of relief

使某人能够做成某事enable sb to do sth

即学即练

（1）（2019全国Ⅰ卷）I find a clean mountain， with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are significant but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be ________.

49. A. paying off B. spreading out

C. blowing up   D. fading away

（2）（2019全国Ⅱ卷）Ehlers returned to Minnesotan， and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan.“Its good to know theres still someone out there who cares enough to go to that kind of trouble，”says Lisa of Ehlers rescue ________.

58. A. serviceB. planC. effortD. team

答案：1. A 2. C

四、表示情節发展的信息词

关注文章出现的有关情节发展的一些动词或名词，这些词往往也是考点。如：

改变，变化change

发现/（没）注意到spot， notice， discover， take（no）notice of

我开始意识到I came to believe that .../ I come to know that... /I began to realize ...

直到那时我才意识到Only then did I realize ...

某人突然想起某事It struck /hit sb that ... / It occurred to sb that...

某事使我想起It reminded sb that ...

即学即练

1.（2019全国Ⅲ卷）“Of course， we notice it when the sun is shining，” says Karin Ro， who works for the towns tourism office. “We see the sky is blue， but down in the valley its darker — its like on a cloudy day.” But that________when a system of high-tech mirrors was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks（山峰）into the valley below...

A. helped B. changedC. happenedD. mattered

2. （2018全国Ⅱ卷）He was unconscious and as I looked at his face， something________to me.

Those brown eyes were very familiar“Whats his name？” I asked the instructor. “Ben，” he replied， and immediately I knew.That stranger was my son！

A. happenedB. occurredC. appliedD. appealed

答案：1. B  3. B

五、影响文脉发展的语篇结构词

也叫过渡词，有时候这些词也是考点。如：

故事的过程gradually

故事的转机suddenly， abruptly， unluckily， unfortunately， fortunately， luckily

转折but， however， in fact， actually， on the other hand， nevertheless

相反instead， on the contrary

時间的先后first， soon， later， then， eventually， at last， finally

即学即练

1.（2019全国Ⅲ卷）The 3，500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time.  ________， the new light feels like more than enough for the towns sun-starved residents.

A. Instead     B. However    C. Gradually     D. Similarly

2.（2018全国Ⅱ卷）The instructors called for an ambulance. ______， after a brief stay in hospital， Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.

A. FortunatelyB. FranklyC. SadlyD. Suddenly

3.（2017全国Ⅰ卷）The professor was deaf and any talking was prohibited. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. ________， if there had been any talking， it would have caused us to learn less.

A. LastlyB. ThusC. InsteadD. However

答案：1. B 2. A 3. C

六、有关主人公心理和情感变化的词

表示惊讶的有surprise， amaze， shock， astonish等。

表示高兴的有delight， pleasure， pleasant， excited， thrilled， happy， glad， joy， cheer， amuse， entertain等。

表示失望、沮丧、尴尬等的有disappoint， despair， hopeless， down， be cast down， depressed， discourage， embarrass等。

表示担忧、害怕、惊恐等的有worried， upset， concerned， nervous， anxious， frightened， scared， fear， alarmed， terrified， threatened， panic， heart-stopping等。

表示劳累的有tired， exhausted， worn， worn out等。

表示自豪、受到鼓舞等的有pride， proud， hope， hopeful， desire， inspired， admire， encouraged等。

表示满意、感兴趣、感动、轻松等的有pleased， satisfied， interested， fascinated， touched， moved， relaxed， relieved等。

表示同情、伤心、后悔、生气的有regret， sympathize， sad， sorrow， sorrowful， grief， mourn， annoyed等。

表示相信、怀疑、犹豫、困惑等的有convinced， believe， belief， doubt， doubtful， skeptical（=sceptical）， hesitate， confused， puzzled等。

感动得流泪moved to tears

称赞或责怪praise， scold

哭笑cry， sob， smile， laugh

（使）变得喜悦light up

（因伤痛、害怕、激动等）尖叫scream

迫不及待要做某事can hardly/ cant wait to do sth

欣然接受（机会、建议等）等jump at sth

即学即练

1.（2019年全国Ⅰ卷）Every year about 40，000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro， the highest mountain in Africa. They bring with them lots of waste. The crowds might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers（冰川）are disappearing， changing the face of Kilimanjaro.

Hearing these stories， Im________about the place — other destinations are described as“purer”natural experiences.

However， I soon discover that much has changed ...

A. silentB. skepticalC. seriousD. crazy

2. （2018全國Ⅱ卷）Two weeks earlier， my son， Ben， had got in touch. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id last seen him. So imagine my delight when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me. I was________！

A. scaredB. shockedC. thrilledD. ashamed

答案：1. B 2. C

七、有关故事寓意和作者感受的词

故事的结尾通常会有作者从经历中悟出的道理，得出的经验教训或人生哲理等。

从……中获得take sth from ...

从这次经历中领悟到learned from the experience that ...

从这次经历中获益良多benefit a lot from the experience

给某人留下深刻的印象make an impression on sb

起作用;有影响make a difference

引起，影响cause， affect， influence， impact

引起关注gain/ draw/ attract ones attention

欣赏/难忘/感激等thankful， grateful， unforgettable， admire， appreciate， appreciation

注意，有些运用倒叙写法的文章，其故事的寓意在文章一开始就提出，随后才是故事的经过。有时候几件事放在一起叙述，故事寓意也有可能在文章中间;作者对某事的思考也常会出现在文章的中间。

即学即练：

1.（2018全国Ⅲ卷）Lindseys husband was totally astonished by the unexpected visit. “I dont think we would have randomly invited him over but we ________it and the gifts.”

A. admitB. needC. appreciateD. expect

2.（2017全国Ⅱ卷）I told the story to the class. As sad as it was， I couldnt help smiling. Although Freddy was taken from us， we all________something from Freddy.

A. choseB. tookC. expectedD. borrowed

答案：1. C 2. B

八、特别关注以下这些词

完形填空常考词：

1. yet还;然而;更加

2. even甚至，连，即使;（修饰比较级）更;甚至可以说，其实

3. still依然，还是;然后，不过;（修饰比较级）更;此外，还有;（adj.）不动的，寂静的

4. just刚才;正好;只是;此刻

5. simply（=just）只是，仅仅;绝对地

6. anyway/anyhow无论如何;至少

7. after all毕竟，别忘了;终究;到底

即学即练

1.（2016全国Ⅱ卷）Everything they know about you came through this device， sometimes from hundreds of miles away.

（1）    they feel they can know you  （2）   from the sound of your voice.

（1）A. ThusB. Yet   C. ThenD. Indeed

（2）A. rather       B. alsoC. just      D. already

2.（2016全国Ⅲ卷）I thought to myself， how even without an arm he was more of a leader. Damaged but not defeated， he was________ahead of me.

A. still B. also C. yet D. just

答案：1.（1）B（3）C 2. A

责任编辑蒋小青