为什么男旦“比女人还女人”
2020-05-15马黎
马黎
男旦演员更加注重对女性本质特征的发现、提炼和再创造,然后通过技法,强调、刻画什么样的女人才是真正的女人,更加入木三分,达到“比女人更女人”的艺术效果。
最近,电视剧《鬓边不是海棠红》(以下简称《鬓边》)正在热播,剧中,程二奶奶看男旦商细蕊演《战宛城》里邹氏思春“咬手绢”时,心里酸酸的:“比我们女人还要女人呢。”
热播剧《鬓边》的播出,带动了一波京剧热。所有的点,都聚焦在中国戏曲的跨性别表演中:他是一个男人,他扮演女人,他是一个男旦。
仔细想,我们最爱看的,是不是也是这样的倒置:看男人如何演女人,女人如何演男人。
尤其在京剧表演里,很多人对男旦的表演更感兴趣,讨论也最多。男人扮女人,本身在生理条件上是有缺陷的——嗓子不是女人的,身形也不是女人的,但为什么反而能达到“比女人还女人”的境界?
(一)
事实上,在京剧自清代形成之日起,“男旦”是一种常态。
清政府几次下禁令,禁止女性演戏,也禁止女性进戏院看戏。那时候,不管是台上演戏的,还是台下看戏的,都是男人,扮演女性角色的旦角,当然由男演员担任。
清末民初,风气逐渐开放,女性可以走上舞台了,直到民国初年,才出现男女同台合演。“她们”,反而需要特别标注一下,有了一个专用名词:坤旦。那么,以示区分,男演员扮演旦角就称为“乾旦”,现在也通俗化地称为“男旦”。
男旦到底有什么艺术魅力——这个时候,我们可以用“独特”二字了。抛开猎奇的方面,国家京剧院创作中心副主任、中国梅兰芳文化艺术研究会副秘书长池浚说,这是由于偶然局限造成的特殊优势。
西方歌剧有阉人歌唱家,他是男性的体力、女性的生理条件——对,他是需要改变生理条件的。但是,京剧男旦不用改变生理条件,他就是一个具有男性的力量——男性的爆发力,对声音的控制力,也就是底气,然后又有女性的音色。池浚打了个比方,他的发动机是法拉利的,外观可能是保时捷的,设计得很花俏、精美。
“优雅精致包裹下的霸气”——动力强劲,外观华丽,这么一种内外不匹配的组合方式,反而形成了一种特殊的效应。
从声乐上来说,男高音也是很难得的,突破生理极限,产生一种关闭的金属音。如果用男高音的体质特性去唱女高音,这种特殊性会发挥到极致。男性声音的质感、力度,以假声演唱便会产生一种独特的金属音和磁性音。这就是中国高超的古典声乐艺术。
据吴钢的《剧作家父亲吴祖光》一文记载,有一次,周恩来总理陪一位国际影星看戏,他是1954年版电影《红与黑》中于连的扮演者杰拉·菲利浦。这天看的是京剧小生叶盛兰的演出。看完后,菲利浦问周总理,叶先生是唱什么声部的?周总理说,叶先生是“古典男高音”。
这个回答实乃神来之笔。池浚说,按照这个说法,梅兰芳可以称为中国的“古典女高音”。
(二)
男旦的魅力,不光在技术,还在视角。
京剧艺术家梅葆玖先生说:“男的演女的要下功夫,女的演女的就便利些,因为她本来就是女的。男的那么粗手粗脚的,想要演女的,就要狠下功夫,从眼神和手势上都要一点一点地去学习、去体会,下的功夫比较更深。”
局限,成了特长。男旦演员反而更加注重对女性本质特征的发现、提炼和再创造,然后通过技法,强调、刻画什么样的女人才是真正的女人,更加入木三分,达到“比女人更女人”的艺术效果。
不能太过,也不能不到,这个分寸,很难。最后达成的效果,其实是一种阴阳之间的中性美。梅葆玖说:“梅派本身就是一个中性美。”
梅兰芳的经典剧目《贵妃醉酒》的醉,是核心,也是最难把握的,容易过火、醉过头。女人喝醉了,往往会显出一种丑态,但梅兰芳演的贵妃的醉酒,却很美,演到大醉时,脸上会出现一种稚气。锁在宫廷里的贵妇人,生活苦闷,贵妃的醉,要顾到她的美和宫廷夫人矜持的身份,同时又要不时露出内心的痛苦,表达她借酒浇愁的情绪。
梅兰芳说:“她的那种醉态,并不等于淫娃荡妇的借酒发疯,这样才能掌握住整个剧情,成为一出美妙的古典歌舞剧。”
男旦的艺术成就并不是来自他们对女人的外形模仿,而是塑造女性的艺术形象。正如今年99歲高龄的浙江大学教授、戏曲研究家任明耀所说:“男旦演员创造女性角色的最大特点是力求神似。如果一味在模仿女性的一言一行、一招一式上下功夫,必然会造成矫揉造作的‘娘娘腔,也就会大大减弱观众的审美情趣。在这方面梅兰芳的成就最突出,他唱腔甜美,表演细腻,所以爱梅的观众特别多,观众爱梅不是爱梅的女性化,而是爱他在艺术上所创造的女性角色。”
还是举梅兰芳的例子,国际上对京剧男旦演员也有个认识过程。1929年年底到1930年初梅兰芳访美期间,有人怀疑他是个有异性模仿欲的人。后来报刊不得不发表专栏,强调梅兰芳在各方面都很正常,是个有妻子儿女的人。此后,美国戏剧界才逐渐认识到梅兰芳的艺术价值。美国戏剧评论家斯达克·杨说:“梅兰芳并不旨在单纯模拟女人一姿一态。他旨在发现和再创造妇女的动作、情感的节奏、优雅、意志的力量、魅力、活泼或温柔的某些本质上的特征,而从这些方面来扮演一个人物,稳妥地富有女性的特征,而以舞蹈方式再现,诗意盎然。”
(三)
再说回《鬓边》这部剧。鬓边,就是表现鬓发的片子。这跟头发连接在一起的片子,用真头发做成,然后用榆树皮的汁把片子泡湿,贴在脸上。
我们今天看到的京剧化妆,尤其是旦角,很多人觉得是从传统里来的,其实不是,这是梅兰芳二度改造以后的化妆,我们叫“第二传统”。
在梅兰芳改造以前,戏曲人物的化妆不很讲究,甚至有点粗陋,只在眼眶上淡淡画几笔完事。
梅兰芳对新旧文化的冲突很敏感。20岁时他第一次去上海演出,他才知道中国还有海派京剧。20世纪20年代,上海有海派“四大名旦”冯子和、七盏灯、毛韵珂、林颦卿,还有欧阳予倩等等一些擅于汲取外来文化精髓而阔步猛进的人。此后,梅兰芳几次去上海,每次都从海派文化中吸取可取之处,带回北京,自己消化后逐步化到舞台上。
他喜欢“黑眼圈”,“我看的以上这几位的眼圈,都画得相当的黑,显得眼睛格外好看有神。”
1913年,梅兰芳吸取了冯子和等演员以及话剧、电影的化妆术,回到北京后,开始对化妆进行改革。他在电影里看到好莱坞影星的烟熏妆,用到了眼线的画法里,画出眼睛顺势上翘的眼形,嘴则吸取了話剧的画法,基本上接近于人的本来嘴形。
最大的改造,来自“鬓边”,贴片子。
清末的旦角,还没有贴大片子,那时候的旦角,用梅兰芳的话说:脑门表现得高而宽,像个花脸,大家闺秀看起来也跟老太婆一样。
梅兰芳到了上海以后,看了话剧,以及前辈冯子和的化妆改革——“头部的化妆上,开始使用大片子,而贴于额部的小片子运用得更为自如。”回北京后,他进一步探索,改造了旦角贴片子的方法:两腮用两条大绺勾勒脸型,再加7个小弯儿——头顶上一个弯,两边各3个弯,贴出脸部的节奏感。这是一般大头的贴法。
戏曲理论家龚和德认为:“经过梅的倡导,不论青衣、花旦、刀马旦,都把‘小弯与‘直条大鬓综合运用;‘小弯由原来用一个或三个发展为五个、七个,这就大大丰富了旦角额部的线条变化,并同生、净等角色的额部线条明确地区别了开来。”
池浚说,小弯,可能受到当时外国电影里和话剧舞台上时髦女性的波浪卷发、贴服于发际鬓角的发型影响,再其溯源,可以和当时欧美女性的时尚发型相印证。
从梅兰芳开始,旦角的扮相开始有了变化,直到最后相对定型,焕然一新,形成了一种“新传统”。不仅是京剧,这种传统还影响了其他地方戏曲,最后成为了戏曲化妆的规范。
梅兰芳改革的“鬓边”,是为解决问题而设计的。他想解决什么?
一个男人,生活中还算眉清目秀,但毕竟是男人,这样一个胚子,在台上怎么变成一个艺术化了的女性形象?包括脸型、发型、五官、肤色,都要进行一系列技术化的改造。“这跟仕女图是一样的,怎么把白纸变成女人,我们就想办法把男人变成女人,男人的脸,就是画布。”池浚说。
如果脸瘦,片子往后贴,脸就显得胖了;如果往前贴,就显得瘦了。
修正之后,梅兰芳心中的古典美女的形象就出现了,但这仍然不是生活中的女性形象。就像我们在纸上画的仕女,跟生活中的女人不一样,但它就适合在纸上画出来,如果生活中真长这样,也不行。
所以,李少红导演的电视剧《红楼梦》播出时,“林黛玉”等人的铜钱头造型被吐槽。生活中的荣宁二府,从贾母到林黛玉,并不是在台上演戏,却非要贴片子。片子只有在舞台上才用的,生活中的人怎么能用呢?而且这种贴法,是梅兰芳时代才有的。
梅兰芳就是以国画的方式,进行化妆设计和实践,经过生活的美化、舞台化的处理,不管你本来长得什么样子,都会走出一个艺术化的扮相,尽量调成人们心目中最合适的样子,挖掘出最美的一面,塑造成一个古典美人。经过百十来年的时光,在观众的心目中,这也成为了一种约定俗成。
(本文资料图片由作者提供)
Men as Women in Peking Opera
By Ma Li
Recently, , a television drama about Peking Opera artists, has roused many young viewers curiosity about men acting as the young female role in traditional Peking Opera plays. Some viewers even wonder how male artists can appear more effeminate than women.
In the past, men acted as a young female in Peking Opera and the tradition started in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). It was a stop-gap measure of Peking Opera troupes in a response to the ban imposed by the government that females were not allowed to appear in the Peking Opera and that women were not allowed to watch Peking Opera performances. All-men Peking Opera troupes had to cultivate some young men into artists who looked and acted and sang as young women on stage.
After the Qing Dynasty fell, Peking Opera troupes had young women appear as young women on stage. In advertisements, however, these troupes indicated whether the young female role in a play was impersonated by a man or a woman.
Mei Lanfang (1894-1961) is widely considered the greatest Peking Opera male artist acting in young woman roles. Mei was the first artist who spread Peking Opera to foreign countries. He visited many foreign countries and staged performances in Japan, the United States, and Soviet Union. He was a superstar of Peking Opera largely because he introduced innovation to Peking Opera and to the female roles he played successfully.
Mei Baojiu (1934-2016), son of Mei Lanfang, was a Peking Opera artist who inherited his fathers tradition and acted as women in Peking Opera plays. He once talked about men acting as women on Peking Opera stage. “Female Peking Opera artists have conveniences to act as women. On the other hand, male Peking Opera artists need to study women more deeply and work harder in order to perform female roles well. There is a balance. If you are overly effeminate, you fail. If you are inadequately effeminate, you fail. There is a beauty in the perfect balance between male and female,” observed Mei Baojiu.
The success of men acting as young women on Peking Opera stage has nothing to do with mere outer resemblance. The success yields from vivid portrayal of women, as explained by Ren Mingyao, a 99-year-old professor of Zhejiang University. “Impersonating a woman in Peking Opera plays requires more than likeness in appearance. If one focuses only on appearance, the result would be artificial and overly effeminate. That would not add up to the Peking Opera aesthetics. Mei Lanfang was successful essentially because audiences loved the female characters he created artistically, not his stage appearance as women,” remarks the professor.
When Mei was visiting the United States, he was misunderstood by some people who thought the Peking Opera master was a man with an extreme obsession of imitating the opposite gender. After learning he was a normal and married man with children that the theater circles of the United States embraced him and appreciated his characterization of women, which highlighted the inner beauty, elegance, charm, volition, sentiment of women.
Mei Lanfang energetically concerned himself with innovation. At 20, he visited Shanghai and opened his eyes for the first time in his life to the Shanghai-style Peking Opera. Artists in Shanghai had introduced new things from the west to the traditional Peking Opera performance. After his return to Beijing in 1913, he applied new techniques he learned from drama and film to makeup in Peking Opera. The small changes he introduced made the eyes and mouth look better. And he introduced a new facial makeup method. The new method attaches seven semicircular fringes onto the forehead, adding vividness to the face. On either side of the face, a slender band is used to make the face have a narrower and better outline. Meis makeup innovation has long been adopted as a new normal. And the innovation to the makeup of the young women role soon spread to other facial makeup of the stereotypical roles in Peking Opera. It also spread to other regional opera genres.
Why did Mei introduce this new makeup to the face? Chi Jun, a vice secretary-in-general of China Mei Lanfang Institute, has an explanation. No matter how a man looks like, he looks like a man. In order to look like a woman on the stage, a series of technical changes must be done in makeup. The shape of the face, the hairstyle, the facial features, and the skin color must be altered. A mans face is like a piece of blank paper and makeup is applied to turn the face into an artwork. Such a face isnt a female face one sees in everyday life, but it is a romanticized face best for Peking Opera performance. And now theatergoers across the country have long been accustomed to such a face. And young female Peking Opera artists of today also love this facial makeup, an innovation introduced by Mei Lanfang about 100 years ago.