浙东书生尽勇武

汤丹文

武学篇

正因为与宁波万氏一门的渊源，黄宗羲才会在白云庄内成立证人书院，收徒授学，历时达8年之久。白云庄的学子们因此成为“浙东学派”的主力，其流风也从这里至于全国，其学脉则传于嘉乾至清末。

如果说天一阁是宁波书藏古今的标志，那么，位于宁波城西管江岸的白云庄便是“浙东学派”的圣地。中国17世纪最伟大的思想家黄宗羲曾讲学于此。所以，宁波老话有云：“城内天一阁，城外白云庄。”

春日，我走进白云庄。如今，它早已不是城外的偏僻之地，距宁波最繁华的中山路仅有百米之遥。但由于有西塘河以及支流万家河的环绕，这里芳草萋萋，清幽一片。

白云庄是个文采斐然之地，应不奇怪。但走马观花下来，我发觉此地却也是武魂幽长的所在。“浙东学派”的“史学大柱”全祖望撰写的楹联贴切地描述了这个文武相济之地：“倜傥指挥天下事，风骚驱使古人书。”

一

其实，建成之初，这里并不叫白云庄，而是甬上望族万氏的别院。在明代，作为抗倭名将的万邦孚因病辞官回家，晚年在西郊“营生圹，筑墓庄”，遂有了白云庄的雏形。

明末，这里成了当时任户部主事的万泰的庄园。而他的儿子万斯选著有《白云集》，人称“白云先生”，卒后也葬于此地。渐渐地，宁波人把这里称作“白云庄”了。

从万邦孚上溯，万氏家族的先人都是一介武夫。

先祖万斌随明太祖朱元彰起事，明开国后被封为“武略将军”。之后，万氏先后有三代四人为国捐躯，被誉为“三世四忠”：

洪武五年，万斌随军征元，大战于阿鲁浑河，横槊驰突，力战而殁，诰赠“明威将军指挥佥事”。

万钟，万斌之子，袭父爵守定海，后升为宁波卫指挥佥事。建文四年，燕王朱棣破南京，万钟骑射战燕王，战死于大兴花园。

万武，万钟长子，与父亲一样同为宁波卫指挥佥事，为官清廉谨慎。后来涉事，谪守广西，跟着明朝的黔国公征伐交趾。他率军进入檀舍江，因瘴疬侵入，带病力战而死，年方23岁。

万文，万钟次子，万武的弟弟，袭兄爵。永乐十六年，倭寇入侵莲花洋，他率舟师出海迎敌，斩擒甚多。次年六月，遇飓风在桃渚海口舟覆而亡，年仅22岁。

接下来的三四代，至万表，已成为身兼名将与名儒于一身的人物。据说，万表“昼则骑射，夜读经史”，为将为官，先是以督漕运声闻于朝，后又破倭寇屡建奇功，嘉靖末年在浙江渚山率僧兵大败倭寇。理学研究方面，万表与罗洪先、王畿、钱德洪交友切磋，为“浙中王门”重要人物。他也让万氏家族从武功盖世的世臣，成为甬上数一数二的望族。

让万氏家族真正“弃武从文”的是万泰。万泰曾与黄宗羲一起师事蕺山刘宗周。崇祯九年，他即中乡试，是第一位通过科举考试获取功名的万氏文人。“弃累代戈矛之传，以文史代驱驰”，从此成了万氏家族发展的主旋律。

二

在当时的宁波，万泰是学界的领袖，更以“义声震天下”，与诸子激扬名节，扶掖后进，开明末清初宁波学风。但万泰这个文人，也承续了家族的武魂，嫉恶如仇，勇武无比。

作为复社名士、“东林四先生”之一，万泰曾出头声讨阉党余孽阮大钺，与黄宗羲等人一起署名《留都防乱公揭》。

清顺治二年，万泰参加了钱肃乐领导的宁波城隍庙抗清起义，但“以角巾视事，不受职”。

顺治七年，他与黄宗羲、李文胤合谋，以计脱黄宗炎于难，用死囚把他偷换至白云庄。

从万泰的这些经历不难看出，他与“浙东学派”的一代宗师黄宗羲，是学术上的志同道合者，更是生死过命的朋友。万泰向宁波的学人们推介“今日学术文章，当以姚江黄氏为正宗”，而梨洲先生报之以“浙東门风之雄，莫过万氏矣”。

黄宗羲的激赏，是感佩万氏家族的一门英武忠烈，更缘于万泰八个儿子、人称“万氏八龙”的横空出世。斯年、斯程、斯祯、斯昌、斯选、斯大、斯备、斯同——万泰的8个儿子师事黄宗羲，或经学，或史学，或理学，或文学，最后皆有所成。其中的万斯同、万斯大分别在清代史学和经学研究中脱颖而出，成就了“浙东学派”在宁波的风华绝代。

毫不夸张地说，正因为与万氏一门的渊源，黄宗羲才会在万泰去世的十余年后，在他的庄园内成立证人书院，收徒授学，历时达8年之久。白云庄的学子们也因此成为“浙东学派”的主力，其流风也从这里至于全国，其学脉则传于乾嘉至清末。

而对万氏的后人们来说，虽然穷经究史，深处书斋，但他们家族的“武风”不时穿堂而出，露出峥嵘。

在万泰以“狸猫换太子”之计相救黄宗羲的弟弟黄宗炎时，去刑场执行救人任务的便是万泰的二子万斯程。其时，他硬是背负黄宗炎，奔走十里至白云庄。他的兄弟万斯昌死后也归葬于此，其碑文称：“（万斯昌）少负奇气，勇力过人，明季兵起，避地乡村，独持短戈往来，捍卫里人，群谓不愧名将家子。”

修史九年，手定《明史稿》五百卷，被后人认为是继司马迁、班固以后的又一位史学大家的万斯同，在年幼之时比较顽皮，尽显武人之相，整日打打闹闹，不肯读书。万泰无计可施，只能把他关在书房中。

百无聊赖的万斯同把书架上的明史资料拿出来看，没想到看了进去，进而熟记于心。自此以后，他博通诸史，尤精明史。最后，他和侄子万言以“不署衔、不受俸”的百姓身份北上修史，成就了“四方声价归明水，一代贤奸托布衣”的美谈。

“八龙”之一的万斯大，“以穷经为己任”，馆设杭州武林。这个治学严谨，倡导“非通诸经则不能通一经，非悟传注之失则不能通经，非以经释经则无以悟传注之失”的学者，虽久坐书斋，终日研经，但在大义之前却能挺身而出，尽显高义本色。乡人张苍水抗清被执，就义于杭州弼教坊。万斯大和朱锡九、朱锡兰兄弟一起葬张苍水于南屏北山麓荔枝峰，与岳飞、于谦墓在一起。万斯大以他的嗜义若渴，完成了苍水先生“国亡家破欲何之？西子湖头有我师。日月双悬于氏墓，乾坤半壁岳家祠”的遗愿。

而“萬氏八龙”之后的十二世万言、万经、万世标与十三世万承勋等，也各有所承，学问斐然。但在急难之时，亦展勇武本色。

万承勋，万言之子，黄宗羲的孙婿。当时，万言当知县，“忤大吏，论死”。万承勋狂走数千里，告贷五千金，赎父以归，世称“万孝子”。

三

其实，在明末清初，浙东的读书人许多都是忠勇有气节之士，只不过万氏因有武人家传，更显突出而已。对“浙东学派”宗师黄宗羲而言，他的前半生又何尝不是一个“武人”。

1645年，清军占领杭州，向浙东推进。鲁王朱以海被复明义军迎接到绍兴“监国”。黄宗羲得知后，组织了家乡黄竹浦子弟600余人组成义军，时称“世忠营”。鲁王任命黄宗羲为兵部职方司主事，负责舆图、军制、城隍、镇戍、简练、征讨等方面的军务管理，领正六品衔。

兵败后，黄宗羲率残兵退入四明山坚持武装抗清，自已也被清廷通缉，只得奉母携子，避难于余姚化安山中。1649年7月，鲁王重立监国之号，黄宗羲重又投奔，任左副都御史。虽无实权，在海上读书讲学，空闲时注经释史，但也曾与阮美一起出使日本请求兵援。

出生入死的经历，让黄宗羲吟出了“半生滨十死，两火际一年”的悲愤诗句。也许，正是这种经历铸成的勇武性格，让他在《明夷待访录》中斗胆写下了“为天下之大害者，君而已矣”这样激扬的文字。

让我们追溯更远，在整个明代，浙东的许多读书人往往显示出勇武精进的本色。心学大师王阳明自不必说，立德立言立功，武功卓著。就连看似文弱的“天下读书种子”方孝孺，在威严皇权面前，为“求一个是”，杀身成仁，被诛十族。

如此看来，“武魂文魄白云庄，浙东书生尽勇武”，也是很自然的事了。

Scholars of Eastern Zhejiang School： Men of Courage and Action

By Tang Danwen

Scholars of Eastern Zhejiang School were more than scholars. They were men of courage and action. History shows that courage， action， and military talent were traditional attributes of the scholars in eastern Zhejiang.

Wang Yangming （1472-1529）， a scholar who is considered one of the four greatest scholars in the ancient history of China （the other three are Confucius， Mencius， Zhu Xi）， won many military campaigns in his brief government career. He smashed bandit gangs and uprisings and even cracked down a rebellion of a prince.

Fang Xiaoru （1357-1402）， a scholar from eastern Zhejiang， refused to surrender to Emperor Yongle， the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang， the founding emperor of the Ming （1368-1644）， and was thrown into prison. Emperor Yongle came to power after dethroning Emperor Jiancheng， a grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang. Loyal to Emperor Jiancheng， Fang refused to write an imperial decree that would declare the coronation of Emperor Yongle. Fang was eventually executed.

Zhang Cangshui （1620-1664）， a scholar of Ningbo， fought the Qing （1644-1911） after the Ming fell apart. He was arrested and refused to surrender. He was executed in Hangzhou in 1664.

If Tianyige Library， Chinas extant most ancient private library built in the 1560s， signifies the illustrious scholarship of Ningbo in eastern Zhejiang， then White Cloud House， which used to be a suburban property of the Wans， stands for the courage and action of scholars in Ningbo， a key city in eastern Zhejiang.

The house sat outside of Ningbo when it was first built. Now it is only about one hundred meters from the busiest downtown shopping area of the city. Wan Bangfu， a general of the Ming Dynasty who fought Japanese pirates， retired from military due to health issues and had a cemetery built in the western suburb of Ningbo City. The residence took shape. Toward the end years of the Ming， the property passed down to Wan Tai， then minister of the revenue ministry. His son Wan Sixuan was buried there too. As Wan Sixuan wrote a book called ， he was known as Master White Cloud and the residence was called White Cloud House.

The Wan family produced many generals. Wan Bin was a general fighting under the command of Zhu Yuanzhang， the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Four members of the family in three generations died in action for the country. The family of military exploits was prominent in Ningbo. It was Wan Tai （1598-1657） who turned the family into one of scholars. In 1630， he passed a provincial-level examination and became a ， a candidate qualified for taking Imperial Exams. He was the first one in the Wans that won such a scholarly degree. He became a leader of the academic circles in Ningbo. Wan Tai and Huang studied under Liu Zongzhou （1578-1645）， a scholar who studied under the disciples of Wang Yangming， arguably the most influential scholar of the Ming Dynasty. Huang Zongxi gave lectures at White Cloud House for eight years. Eight sons of Wan Tai studied under his guidance. Among the eight sons， Wan Sitong was a heavyweight historian who， in collaboration with other scholars including his niece Wan Yan， edited  for eight years. Wan took the imperial job on the condition that he wanted neither payment nor official title. As a commoner， he did the royal job. Wan Sida ran a private school in Hangzhou where he studied classics. He buried Zhang Cangshui in Hangzhou in 1664 after the hero was executed.

In the last years of the Ming， Wan Tai and Huang took part in political activities designed to revive the Ming and save it from falling apart. After the founding of the Qing in 1644， Wan and Huang took part in local resistance actions in Ningbo against the Qing army from the north. Huang went into hiding for a while after he was on the wanted list. After Huang was arrested and was about to be executed， Wan Tai organized a well-coordinated rescue and got Huang safely from execution. Wan Sicheng， one of the eight sons of Wan Tai， personally carried Huang on the back for five kilometers back to White Cloud House.