关于二轮复习中词汇复习策略的思考
2020-05-11许炳杰
许炳杰
著名语言学家Wilkins David A (1972)在关于词汇教学时提到:“Without grammar very little can be conveyed; Without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”这让我们意识到词汇对语言学习的重要性。无论书面表达还是阅读理解,学生词汇的积累都尤为重要。
《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》对教师词汇教学的要求有:第一,课程理念提倡词汇教学要从运用的角度出发,而不是从定义的角度入手;要与技能结合,而不是单纯的知识灌输。再往高一级发展就要在比较复杂的情况下有创造性地运用,更高一级就要根据交际的话题、场合、人际关系等相关因素得体地运用。第二,词汇教学要重视语篇的支持,重视文化的影响,更重视对词汇承载的深层含义的理解,也更注重表达的灵活性和恰当性。第三,词汇要与信息“捆绑”在一起进行教学。凡是学生感兴趣的信息,把相关词汇与该信息连在一起很容易就被记住了;当学生在信息交流的活动中急需某个词来表达自己的意思时,对于他人及时提供的词语,记忆非常牢固。
另外,《普通高中英语课程标准》要求老师在具体教学中,引导学生利用词语的结构和文本的语境理解词语的意思,借助词典等资源,学习词语的用法,并大胆使用新的词语表达自己的意思。
总的来说,《新课程标准》对词汇教学强调以下四个方面:一是强调对词汇的运用;二是强调词汇教学要结合语境;三是强调词汇学习要形成有效的学习策略;四是强调词汇学习要养成良好的学习习惯。根据以上指导思想看出:教师在制定二轮词汇复习计划时应做到记忆、应用,测试等环节一个都不能少,在教学中注重词汇运用的循环与提升。复习词汇时,我们可以考虑以不同的方式反复:以课本顺序(必修到选修)、以话题顺序 (考纲话题)、以字母表顺序(考纲词汇)、高考真题高频词、不规则动词、熟词生义等。
以课本顺序为例,我们应该做到:串点为线,织线为网,从认知到检测以及运用,教师可以依照由简到难的题目设置:单词——词组——句子——语篇。在检测单元词汇的时候,除了简单的中英呈现之外,还可以利用单句语境设置填空题,考查单元词汇,再到句型的翻译,题目设置如下:
单词拼写:请用本单元单词的适当形式填空,首字母已给出。(此题型可以训练学生的词义猜测以及检测对本单元单词的理解)
1. We had i________ the fact that it was getting darker; otherwise, we would have been at home before six oclock.
2. Im sorry you are having trouble in making friends. However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice. Here are some t________ to help you.
3. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got l________ and was hit by a car.
4. People, especially farmers, who spend a lot of time working o________have observed that, before a storm, field mice come out of their holes and runaround.
5. At present, Internet Slang, such as “GG”,“MM”, has become popular among the t________.
參考答案:
1. ignored。指“忽略,没有注意到(ignore)”天黑这个事实,用过去分词ignored与前面had一起构成完成时。
2. tips。与前面的advice是同义复现。
3. loose。由careless(粗心)与“狗被撞”可知,是系狗的链“松开(get loose)”了。
4. outdoors。由field可知,是在“户外”。
5. teenagers。由常识与“GG”,“MM”可知,是指在“青少年”中流行;值得一提的是among后通常接复数名词。
短语除了要求默写、造句之外,还可以设置选词填空的题目形式,但是所选句子语境必须充分,学生可以从前后语境判断所选短语。这样学生不仅可以考查短语的理解,还可以训练完形填空做题思维,养成做题关注语境的习惯。如:
1.set_down 记下;放下;登记
2.be_fond_of 喜爱;喜欢
3.care_about 关心;忧虑;惦念
4.change_one's_mind 改变主意
5.make_up_one's_mind 下决心;决定
6.give_in 投降;屈服;让步
7.because_of 因为;由于
8.at_midnight 在午夜
9.put_up 张贴;搭建
10.can't_wait_to_do_sth. 迫不及待做某事
语境应用(选用上述短语的适当形式填空):
1.Despite all my efforts to persuade him to give up smoking, he never______.
2.On weekends, they always drive to the seaside, where they tents to enjoy the sunlight.
3.______,we set off fireworks to celebrate the coming of the new year.
4.My brother______playing chess, while I enjoy playing football and basketball.
5.If I didn't__________the tips______,I might forget all about them.
6._________the snow, the pilot(飞行员) had to land the plane at an airport in another city.
参考答案:1.gave in 2.put up 3.At midnight
4.is fond of 5.set...down 6.because of
做完题目之后,老师还可以挑选上面的部分短语进行翻译练习或让学生造句。如翻译练习:
1.为了提高英语,他下决心每天早晨读英语。(make up one's mind)
2.当他年轻的时候和很喜欢画画。(be fond of)
3.由于有雾,我们很难看清道路.(because of)
...
翻译答案:
1.In order to improve his English, he made up his mind to read English every morning.
2.He was fond of painting when he was young.
3.It was very difficult to see our way because of the fog.
...
单元词汇检测的另一重点是对派生词的检测,词性转换是每年高考的高频考点,教师应教给学生认真掌握词的确切含义和用法,这类题目除了检测学生词义辨析之外还可以巩固学生的基础语法知识(词性、句法等)。
第一,派生单词——能辨别。下面以人教版B1U2为例(学生基础较好的可以不提供提示词):
1.office n.办公室→ ___n.军官;官员→ _ adj.官方的;正式的;公务的
2.gradual adj.逐渐的;逐步的→ ____ adv.逐漸地;逐步地
3.spell v.拼写;拼成→____ n.拼写;拼法
4.fluent adj.流利的;流畅的→ ____ adv.流利地;流畅地
5.frequent adj.频繁的;常见的→ ____adv.常常;频繁地
6.express adj.特快的;迅速的 v. 表达;表示;显而易见→ n.词语;表达;表示
7.recognize vt.辨认出;承认;公认→ ____ n.识别;承认;认出
8. ___________ adj.东方的; 东部的 east n.东方
第二,语境应用。用所给词的适当形式填空,同根派生词出现在同一语境有利于学生的词性辨析。如:
1.As is known to all,education is a_______ process,and people are __________ aware of its importance.(gradual)
2.The puzzled____________ on her face suggested that she didn't know how she could ______her feelings properly.(express)
3.He had changed so much that you couldn't ____________him.As a matter of fact,illness and age changed him beyond_______.(recognize)
4.Mary speaks_______ Chinese while her brother speaks Japanese_______.(fluent)
翻译答案:1.gradual,gradually 2.expression,express 3.recognize,recognition 4.fluent,fluently
最后说一下我对高频词以及熟词生义的处理。现在网络资源以及一些教辅提供了一些往年阅读理解以及完形填空的高频词,简单的布置学生背诵的话任务单调,难度较大,学生的理解也比较片面。对此,教师可以鼓励学生对高频词进行更进一步的探索,养成查阅权威字典的习惯。学生通过查阅单词的英英解释以及例句巩固单词的理解,养成良好的自主学习习惯。最后,教师可以收集部分学生的例句改编为单句语法题,增加单词的复现率,也训练了学生的语法考点。以下是我对部分高频词例句的改编练习:
高考真题高频词:(部分例子)
1. personal adj.私人的,个人的
2.tie v.系;联系n.联系
3. still adj. 静止的adv.基至;仍然
4. offer v.提供,出(价);恩意(做某事)
5. addition n.增加
6. success n.成功
7. produce v.生产;引起n.产品
8. expect v.预料,预计;期待
9. cause v.引起n.原因;事业;目标
10. state v.声明;陈述n.情形;状态adj.国家的
收集学生例句后改编的单句语法练习:
1. _____(have) good personal relationships is the most important thing for me.
2.Just_________ minute! Let me put your tie straight.
3.But a great distance still seems to separate_________(we) from such an assertion.
4.Fortunately, he offered some _________(use) advice.
5 The addition of more meat into my diet has caused me to gain _________(weigh) .
6.Let me offer my hearty good wishes for your _________(succeed) .
7.Our cat _________(produce) kittens last week.
8._________(she) parents expected high standards from her.
9.Drinking and driving is one of the most common _________(cause) of traffic accidents.
10It's a sad state of affairs and I'm not sure _________can be done about it.
參考答案:1.Having 2.a 3.us 4.useful 5.weight 6.success
7.produced 8.Her 9.causes 10.what.
正如语言学家、语文教育家吕叔湘说的那样:“词汇嵌在上下文里头才有生命,才容易记住,才知道用法。”我们的词汇复习应突出应用,注重语境,练习为主。教师应重视基础单词和词组以及考纲词汇的落实和检查,做到“多检测,多批阅,多收集,多复现”。
(注:文中部分练习摘自《名师指津》,部分题目为笔者改编)