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鼻内镜下不同径路在儿童腺样体肥大切除术中的应用

2020-04-30吴海导胡永成陈国锋邓成柳

中外医学研究 2020年8期
关键词:腺样体鼻内镜出血

吴海导 胡永成 陈国锋 邓成柳

【摘要】 目的:对比鼻内镜下经鼻腔径路和口腔径路行腺样体肥大切除术的效果,分析两种径路的优缺点,为临床制定更有效的治疗方案提供参考。方法:选取2016年7月-2019年8月笔者所在医院收治的腺样体肥大患儿42例,随机分为A组和B组,各21例。A组经口腔径路行腺样体肥大切除术,B组经鼻腔径路行腺样体肥大切除术。对两组术中出血量、疼痛评分、术后并发症进行分析。结果:术后,两组临床症状完全缓解;术后7 d复查,两组均无腺样体残留且恢复正常通气;A组术中出血量少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后1 d疼痛评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组术后轻度间歇鼻塞2例,中度悬雍垂水肿1例,并发症发生率为14.29%,显著高于A组(P<0.05)。结论:经口腔径路行儿童腺样体肥大切除术,能够确保刀口朝向腺样体方向,边切割边利用吸引力将腺体组织吸入吸切器,操作简单方便,术野清晰,创面光滑,能够有效保护周围正常组织,减少并发症,值得推广。

【关键词】 腺样体 鼻内镜 出血 并发症

doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.08.011  文獻标识码 B  文章编号 1674-6805(2020)08-00-03

Application of Different Approaches under Nasal Endoscope in Adenoid Hypertrophy Resection in Children/WU Haidao, HU Yongcheng, CHEN Guofeng, DENG Chengliu. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(8): -30

[Abstract] Objective: To compare the effect of adenoid hypertrophy resection through nasal and oral approaches under nasal endoscope, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches were analyzed to provide a reference for the clinical development of more effective treatment programs. Method: From July 2016 to August 2019, 42 children with adenoid hypertrophy admitted to our hospital were randomly divided into the group A and the group B, 21 cases in each group. Adenoid hypertrophy resection through oral approaches was performed in the group A, and adenoid hypertrophy resection through nasal approaches was performed in the group B. The intraoperative blood loss, pain score and postoperative complications of the two groups were analyzed. Result: After operation, the clinical symptoms of the two groups were completely relieved, and reexamination after operation showed that there was no residual adenoids in the two groups and normal ventilation was restored. The intraoperative blood loss in the group A was less than that of the group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The pain scores 1 d after operation compared between the two groups, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In the group B, there were 2 cases with mild intermittent nasal obstruction and 1 case with moderate uvula edema after operation, and the incidence of complications was 14.29%, which was higher than that of the group A (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adenoid hypertrophy resection through oral approaches in children can ensure the knife edge is toward the direction of the adenoid, and the adenoid tissue is inhaled into the aspirator by attraction while cutting, which is simple and convenient to operate, clear operative field, smooth wound, and can effectively protect the surrounding normal tissue, reduce the complications, which is worth popularizing.

[Key words] Adenoid Nasal endoscope Bleeding Complications

First-authors address: Yunfu Peoples Hospital, Yunfu 527300, China

腺样体肥大是儿童常见病和多发病,对于被确诊为腺样体肥大且伴有严重并发症的患儿应尽早行腺样体肥大切除术[1]。在我国,多数医院均能开展腺样体肥大切除术,但限于设备条件等因素,手术方法各不相同,疗效亦有差别。传统的腺样体刮除术很难在直视下进行,手术成功与否与操作者的经验密切相关,若操作不当极易导致腺样体组织残留,进而增加术后复发率[2]。本研究拟对比鼻内镜下使用电动吸切器经不同径路治疗腺样体肥大的效果,以指导临床制定更有效的治疗方案,报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2016年7月-2019年8月笔者所在医院收治的腺样体肥大患儿42例。纳入标准:(1)经纤维鼻咽镜和多导睡眠呼吸监测等专科检查确诊为腺样体肥大[3];(2)于笔者所在醫院接受腺样体肥大切除术。排除标准:(1)合并其他器质性病变;(2)合并精神类疾病;(3)无法耐受手术治疗。使用随机数字表法分为A组和B组,各21例。A组男13例,女8例;平均年龄(5.5±1.6)岁。B组男11例,女10例;平均年龄(5.7±1.4)岁。两组均有不同程度的鼻塞、流脓涕、睡眠时打鼾、耳闷胀感、听力下降和注意力不集中等临床表现。两组一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。监护人对研究知情并签署知情同意书。

1.2 方法

麻醉成功后,采用Davis开口器撑开口腔,将两条软质细医用橡胶导尿管经鼻腔及口腔将软腭悬吊以扩大咽腔,充分敞开鼻咽部。A组经口腔伸入直径为4 mm的70°硬性鼻内镜,直视下观察腺样体形状、大小,确定咽鼓管圆枕等重要标志,经口咽部将电动切割吸引器用45°反向吸切头送入鼻咽腔,从腺样体侧缘开始切割,注意刀头的切割面背向咽鼓管圆枕,逐渐移向中央及后鼻孔方向,逐渐切除肥大腺样体。B组采用直径为3 mm的0°硬性鼻内镜进入鼻腔,用直吸切头切除肥大腺样体。术中常规采用生理盐水纱布块压迫止血,若对出血较多患者无效,可采用鼻内镜下直视双极电凝止血。同时,注意术中勿切除过深,避免损伤椎前筋膜引起出血。

1.3 观察指标及评价标准

观察两组术中出血量、术后疼痛评分及并发症情况。术中出血量根据吸引器吸出量和纱布块增重量计算。术后第1天,采用面部表情量表进行疼痛评分,0分为无疼痛,1分为略有疼痛,2分为轻微疼痛,3分为明显疼痛,4分为严重疼痛,5分为剧烈疼痛[4]。

1.4 统计学处理

使用SPSS 19.0软件包进行统计学分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组术中出血量、术后1 d疼痛评分对比

术后,两组临床症状完全缓解;术后7 d复查,两组均无腺样体残留且恢复正常通气;A组术中出血量少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后1 d疼痛评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。

2.2 两组并发症发生率对比

A组术后无并发症;B组术后轻度间歇鼻塞2例,中度悬雍垂水肿1例,并发症发生率为14.29%(3/21),显著高于A组,差异有统计学意义(字2=7.341,P<0.05)。经对症治疗后,B组并发症均消失。

3 讨论

腺样体肥大是儿童常见病和多发病,是引起儿童鼻炎、鼻窦炎、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征和分泌性中耳炎的主要原因之一,长期鼻咽部的通气障碍和缺氧可导致腺样体面容并影响神经系统发育[5]。因此,应对腺样体肥大且伴有严重并发症的患儿尽早行腺样体肥大切除术。腺样体肥大切除术方式较多,如鼻内镜下射频、微波、吸割、等离子等,疗效也不尽相同[6-7]。为进一步分析腺样体肥大的最佳治疗方式,更为深入探讨鼻内镜下使用电动吸切器经不同径路治疗腺样体肥大的临床效果,特开展本研究,以指导临床制定更有效的治疗方案。

儿童腺样体肥大切除术的基本原则为在彻底切除病变组织的基础上,尽量减少术中出血量及避免咽鼓管等周围组织损伤[8-9]。鼻内镜手术拥有分辨率高、术野清晰、光线明亮等优势,能够帮助操作者准确观察病变范围,并从不同角度了解腺样体在鼻咽部的情况及周围解剖结构,能够有效避免传统手术的盲目性[10-11]。在本研究中,与经鼻腔径路相比,接受经口腔径路的A组术中出血量更少,术后并发症发生率更低,推测可能与以下原因相关:(1)与成人鼻腔相比,儿童鼻腔更加狭长,导致经鼻腔径路损伤鼻黏膜的风险增加。而经口腔径路可以避免相关并发症[12];(2)经口腔径路操作的术野比经鼻腔径路更大,易于操作,既可以减少因腺样体残留导致的复发,又可以保护邻近器官、组织[13];(3)小儿麻醉清醒后难以配合治疗,导致经鼻腔径路术后的彻底清理工作较困难[14]。

综上所述,经口腔径路行儿童腺样体肥大切除术能够确保刀口朝向腺样体方向,边切割边利用吸引力将腺体组织吸入吸切器,操作简单方便,术野清晰,创面光滑,能够有效保护周围正常组织,减少并发症,值得推广。

参考文献

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[6] Babademez M A,Gul F,Muz E,et al.Impact of partial and total tonsillectomy on adenoid regrowth[J].Laryngoscope,2017,127(3):753-756.

[7] Hong S C,Min H J,Kim K S.Refractory sleep apnea caused by tubal tonsillar hypertrophy[J].International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2017,96(5):84-86.

[8] Holzki J,Brown K A,Carroll R G,et al.The anatomy of the pediatric airway:has our knowledge changed in 120 years?A review of historic and recent investigations of the anatomy of the pediatric larynx[J].Paediatr Anaesth,2017,28(1):515.

[9] Huang Y D,Tan J J,Han X Y,et al.Study on the correlation between adenoid hypertrophy and laryngopharyngeal reflux in children[J].Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology,Head,and Neck Surgery,2018,32(12):899.

[10] ?zda? T,?zda? S,Babademez M A,et al.Significant association between SCGB1D4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to adenoid hypertrophy in a pediatric population[J].Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences,2017,47(1):201-210.

[11] Sikorska?uk M,Bochnia M.Halitosis in children with adenoid hypertrophy[J].Journal of Breath Research,2017,12(2):121-124.

[12] Lai D,Qin G,Pu J,et al.Pre-operative and post-operative application of acoustic rhinometry in children with otitis media with effusion and with or without adenoid hypertrophy-a retrospective analysis[J].International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2017,96(3):51-54.

[13] Tuhaniolu B,Erkan S O.Evaluati on of the effects of montelukast,mometasone furoate,and combined therapy on adenoid size:a randomized,prospective,clinical trial with objective data[J].Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences,2017,47(6):1736-1743.

[14] Pachêcopereira C,Alsufyani N,Major M,et al.Correlation and reliability of cone-beam computed tomography nasopharyngeal volumetric and area measurements as determined by commercial software against nasopharyngoscopy-supported diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy[J].American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,2017,152(1):92-103.

(收稿日期:2019-11-18) (本文編辑:李盈)

基金项目:广东省云浮市卫生和计划生育局科研项目

(项目编号:2018B03)

①云浮市人民医院 广东 云浮 527300

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