气质维度量化评估施护对毛细支气管炎患儿高流量吸氧治疗的影响
2020-04-20胡禕静肖艳赏舒林华
胡禕静 肖艳赏 舒林华
[摘要] 目的 探討基于气质维度量化评估施护对毛细支气管炎患儿高流量吸氧的治疗效果。 方法 选取2018年1月~2019年2月上海交通大学附属儿童医院诊治的98例毛细支气管炎患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和研究组,每组49例。两组均给予高流量吸氧治疗,对照组实施常规护理,研究组采用基于气质维度量化评估进行施护。观察两组患儿治疗过程中配合度、临床症状及体征改善时间和住院时间及比较两组患儿护理前后气质维度的变化。 结果 研究组雾化过程中配合度评价等级好于对照组(P < 0.05)。研究组咳嗽、憋喘、哮鸣音消失时间和住院时间短于对照组(均P < 0.05)。护理前两组气质维度各指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);护理后,研究组活动水平、适应性、注意广度与持久性、反应阈限和心境评分均高于护理前,注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度低于护理前;对照组注意广度与持久性、心境评分高于护理前,注意分散度、反应强度低于护理前,且研究组适应性、注意广度与持久性、反应阈限、心境评分高于对照组,注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度评分低于对照组(均P < 0.05)。 结论 气质维度量化评估施护可明显提高患儿高通量吸氧过程中的适应性,降低患儿注意分散度、趋避性和反应强度,促进患儿治疗中的配合,提高临床治疗效果。
[关键词] 小儿毛细支气管炎;婴幼儿;气质维度;量化评估护理;高流量吸氧;疗效
[中图分类号] R725.6 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)03(c)-0095-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of quantitative assessment nursing of temperament dimension on high-flow oxygen inhalation in children with bronchiolitis Methods From January 2018 to February 2019, 98 children with bronchiolitis who admitted to the Children′s Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University were selected as subjects. They were devided into the control group and the study group according to the random number table method, with 49 children in each group. Both groups were given high-flow oxygen inhalation, and the control group was given routine care, the study group was treated with evaluation nursing based on temperament dimension. The degree of coordination, the time of improvement of clinical symptoms and signs and the length of hospital stay of the two groups were observed and the changes of temperament dimension before and after nursing were compared. Results The degree of cooperation in the study group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The duration of cough, wheezing, duration of wheezing and the length of hospital stay in the study group were shorter than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in temperament dimension between the two groups before nursing (P > 0.05). After nursing, the activity level, adaptability, attention span and persistence, response threshold and mood scores of the study group were all higher than before nursing, and the attention dispersion, avoidance and response intensity scores were lower than those before nursing. Attention span and persistence, mood scores of the control group were higher than those before nursing, attention dispersion and response intensity scores were lower than those before nursing. Moreover, the scores of adaptability, attention span and persistence, response threshold and mood sceres in the study group were higher than those in the control group, and the scores of attention dispersion, avoidance and response intensity were lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The quantitative evaluation nursing of temperament dimension can significantly improve the adaptability of children in the process of high-throughput oxygen inhalation, reduce the children′s attention dispersion, avoidance and response intensity, promote the cooperation in the treatment of children, so as to improve the clinical treatment effect.
2.3 两组护理前后气质维度比较
护理前两组气质维度各指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);护理后,研究组活动水平、适应性、注意广度与持久性、反应阈限和心境评分均高于护理前,注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度低于护理前;对照组注意广度与持久性、心境评分高于护理前,注意分散度、反应强度低于护理前,且研究组适应性、注意广度与持久性、反应阈限、心境评分高于对照组,注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。见表3。
3 讨论
近年来,随着我国疫苗接种的普及,毛细支气管炎得到有效控制,但发病率仍较高。研究显示[9],毛细支气管约占呼吸道疾病的14.57%,其中约62.14%的患儿为3~8个月。近年来,随着治疗效果不断提升,临床病死率较往年明显降低[10],有效的治疗与实施是提高治疗效果改善患儿预后的基础[11]。高流量吸氧疗法是目前治疗毛细支气管炎的主要方法之一,具有作用直接、迅速、所需药物剂量小、全身不良反应小等优点[12],可有效改善患儿缺氧、憋喘等症状,改善缺氧性肺血管收缩,预防肺动脉高压[13]。但由于婴幼儿年龄小、情绪多变、易哭闹,治疗及护理高效的實施是长期困扰临床和亟待解决的问题[14]。本研究结果显示,护理前两组患儿活动水平、注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度评分均较高,进一步证实上述理论。
不同的婴幼儿其性格特点各异,不同年龄的婴幼儿其心理发育和特征存在明显差别[15]。气质维度是对个体气质特征的详细描述,将婴幼儿的气质划分为9个维度,并根据相应评分将婴幼儿分为5种分型,对临床具有重要的参考和指导价值[16-17]。本研究通过对婴幼儿气质分型,结合最新的心理干预研究实施有效的护理干预以提高患儿在高通量吸氧过程中的配合度,改善治疗效果。本研究结果显示,护理后,对照组注意广度与持久性、心境评分均明显升高;注意分散度和反应强度明显降低。可能与多次雾化后患儿出现不同程度的习惯性接受有关。研究组活动水平、适应性、注意广度与持久性、反应阈限和心境评分均明显升高,注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度均明显降低;且研究组患儿适应性、注意广度与持久性、反应阈限和心境评分明显高于对照组,注意分散度、趋避性、反应强度评分明显低于对照组。提示气质维度量化评估施护可提高患儿适应性、吸入持久性、反应阈限和心境。
<3个月的婴幼儿其心理状态与反应对不同人和环境无明显差别,3~6个月的婴幼儿出现自主选择性反应,心理状态出现明显变化,开始出现母婴依恋和分离焦虑,并且月龄越大,此类情况越明显[18]。9个月以后出现自我意识,易养型和中间偏易养型婴幼儿对新的环境及事物易接受,且多表现为积极情绪,而中间偏难养型和难养型婴幼儿则相反,并且中间偏难养型、难养型和发动缓慢型婴幼儿在新环境下本能恐惧、分离焦虑严重[19]。基于上述情况,在护理过程中,以气质维度量化评估为基础,根据不同分型患儿的性格特点,结合不同月龄患儿的心理发育状态,重视护理前难养型和发动缓慢型患儿对环境的熟知,强调母亲的重要作用,通过亲吻、怀抱及互动等母婴依恋方式增加患儿安全感,并且有效指导患儿父亲进行多种亲子游戏,以促进患儿积极情感的满足,降低患儿不愉快的刺激。此外,对于既往经历过此类治疗的患儿,重视经历性恐惧的产生[20]。本研究通过同伴交往的方式进行干预,与同龄易养型患儿同室治疗,治疗前通过共同玩耍等方式建立婴幼儿彼此情感,治疗开始时配合玩具和母婴互动,降低难养型或发动缓慢型患儿心理恐惧和抵制,提高患儿治疗及护理过程中的配合度,从而减少临床症状改善时间和住院时间,提高临床治疗效果。
综上所述,气质维度量化评估施护可明显提高患儿高通量吸氧过程中的适应性,降低患儿注意分散度、趋避性和反应强度,促进患儿治疗中的配合,提高临床治疗效果。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-31 本文编辑:刘明玉)