工程合同译评(20)FIDIC文本“变更和调整”条款(上)
2020-02-26文/李健
文 / 李 健
在工程建设实践中,变更是施工合同履行过程中的常见现象,变更也是导致对合同价格进行调整的重要因素。鉴于合同变更和调整极易引发合同履行障碍或争议,合同关于变更和调整的约定具有重要意义。今天我们来讨论FIDIC1999施工合同文本 Conditions of Contract for Construction 中的 13. Variations and Adjustment“13变更和调整”条款。
原文1:13.1 Right to Vary
Variations may be initiated by the Engineer at any time prior to issuing the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works, either by an instruction or by a request for the Contractor to submit a proposal.
The Contractor shall execute and be bound by each Variation, unless the Contractor promptly gives notice to the Engineer stating (with supporting particulars) that the Contractor cannot readily obtain the Goods required for the Variation. Upon receiving this notice, the Engineer shall cancel, confirm or vary the instruction.
Each Variation may include:
(a) changes to the quantities of any item of work included in the Contract (however, such changes do not necessarily constitute a Variation),
(b) changes to the quality and other characteristics of any item of work,
(c) changes to the levels, positions and/or dimensions of any part of the Works,
(d) omission of any work unless it is to be carried out by others,
(e) any additional work, Plant, Materials or services necessary for the Permanent Works, including any associated Tests on Completion, boreholes and other testing and exploratory work, or
(f) changes to the sequence or timing of the execution of the Works.
The Contractor shall not make any alteration and/or modification of the Permanent Works, unless and until the Engineer instructs or approves a Variation.
试译:13.1 变更权
在颁发工程接收证书前的任何时间,工程师可以通过发布指示或以要求承包人提交建议书的方式提出变更。
承包人应当执行每项变更并受其约束,除非承包人立即向工程师发出通知,说明承包人难以取得变更所需的物件(须附具体证明资料)。接到通知后,工程师应当取消、确认或修改指示。
每项变更可以包括:
(1)合同中任何子项工作内容数量的改变(此类改变并不当然构成变更);
(2)任何子项工作质量或其他特性的改变;
(3)工程任何部位标高、位置或尺寸的改变;
(4)任何工作的省略,但将交由他人完成的除外;
(5)任何额外附加的永久工程所需的工作、设备、材料或服务,包括任何相关的竣工检验、钻孔和其他试验及勘探工作;
(6)工程的实施顺序或时间安排的改变。
除非工程师发出指示或批准变更,在此之前,承包人不得对永久工程作任何改动或修改。
点评:1.这里“变更权Right to Vary”子款内容很丰富,具体涉及:第一,谁有权行使变更权发起initiate变更:the Engineer;第二,变更权行使的时间有何限制:at any time prior to issuing the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works;第三,行使变更权的方式:either by an instruction or by a request for the Contractor to submit a proposal;第四,变更对承包人的约束力:The Contractor shall execute and be bound by each Variation;第五,承包人的通知对变更的阻断:Upon receiving this notice, the Engineer shall cancel, confirm or vary the instruction;第六,变更的内容涉及范围;第七,无变更情况下,对承包人变动永久工程的限制。
2.什么是“Variation变更”?事实上,在FIDIC文本中,这是一个通过外延来定义的概念:1.1.6.9 “Variation” means any change to the Works, which is instructed or approved as a variation under Clause 13 [Variations and Adjustments] 。也就是说,“变更”是指对工程的任何变动,这些变动是按照第13条[变更和调整]被指示或批准作为变更的。注意,这里特别强调是对“工程”的任何变动,而不是对合同条款或合同权利义务的变动,虽然在建设工程合同中,对“工程”的任何变动通常会引起对合同权利义务的变动。在合同法意义上的合同“变更”通常用语是modify或modification。中国《民法典》第543条规定,“当事人协商一致,可以变更合同”,The parties may modify a contract where they reach a consensus through consultation。合同“变更”modify或modification,是“双方合意”的结果。
3.只有理解到“Variation变更”是对“工程”的任何变动,我们才能体会到“Variation变更”不当然是“双方合意”的结果。除非工程师的权限在专用条款中另有限制,本条款将变更权主要直接赋予监理工程师the Engineer(其代表发包人或业主the Employer),而没有对等地赋予承包人。一项变动change构成一项“Variation变更”,无需承包人同意,但却可以约束承包人The Contractor shall execute and be bound by each Variation。如果承包人认为,工程师所指示的变更既不必要necessary也不适宜appropriate,除非立即向工程师发出通知说明自己难以取得变更所需的物件(须附具体证明资料)unless the Contractor promptly gives notice to the Engineer stating (with supporting particulars) that the Contractor cannot readily obtain the Goods required for the Variation,便只能通过争议解决条款来质疑工程师的指示。
4.关于变更范围中,changes to the quantities of any item of work included in the Contract (however, such changes do not necessarily constitute a Variation),通常认为是工程量清单中数量的简单变化。如果数量变化较大,且符合FIDIC第12.3款[估价]相关约定,则会引起适用新的单价或价格。
原文2:13.2 Value Engineering
The Contractor may, at any time, submit to the Engineer a written proposal which (in the Contractor’s opinion) will, if adopted, (i) accelerate completion, (ii) reduce the cost to the Employer of executing, maintaining or operating the Works, (iii) improve the efficiency or value to the Employer of the completed Works, or (iv) otherwise be of benefit to the Employer.
The proposal shall be prepared at the cost of the Contractor and shall include the items listed in Sub-Clause 13.3 [Variation Procedure].
If a proposal, which is approved by the Engineer, includes a change in the design of part of the Permanent Works, then unless otherwise agreed by both Parties:
(a) the Contractor shall design this part,
(b) sub-paragraphs (a) to (d) of Sub-Clause 4.1 [Contractor’s General Obligations] shall apply, and
(c) if this change results in a reduction in the contract value of this part, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to agree or determine a fee, which shall be included in the Contract Price. This fee shall be half (50%) of the difference between the following amounts:
(i) such reduction in contract value, resulting from the change, excluding adjustments under Sub-Clause 13.7 [Adjustments for Changes in Legislation] and Sub-Clause 13.8 [Adjustments for Changes in Cost], and
(ii) the reduction (if any) in the value to the Employer of the varied works, taking account of any reductions in quality, anticipated life or operational efficiencies.
However, if amount (i) is less than amount (ii), there shall not be a fee.
试译:13.2 价值工程
承包人可以随时向工程师提交一份书面建议,只要在其看来,如果该建议被采用,可以(1)加速完工,(2)降低业主实施、维护或运行工程的成本,(3)为业主提高竣工工程的效率或价值,或(4)为业主带来其他利益。
此类建议书由承包人自费编制,并应当包含第13.3款[变更程序]所列条目。
如果一项建议包含了对部分永久工程设计的改变,且该项建议已由工程师批准,除非双方另有协议,否则:
(1)承包人应当设计该部分工程;
(2)第4.1款[承包人的一般义务] ①至④段将适用;
(3)如果此项改变导致该部分工程的合同价值减少,工程师应当依据第3.5款[确定],商定或决定一项费用并加入合同价格。此项费用应当是下列金额之差的一半(50%):
①由此改变引起的合同价值的减少,不包括依据第13.7款[因法律改变的调整]和第13.8款[因成本改变的调整]所作的调整;
②变更后的工程由于质量、预期寿命或运行效率的降低引起的对业主价值上的减少(如果有)。
但是,如果①中的金额少于②中的金额,则不考虑该项费用。
点评:1.前面已经说过,除非工程师的权限在专用条款中另有限制,条款13.1 Right to Vary将变更权主要直接赋予监理工程师the Engineer,而没有对等地赋予承包人;但这并不是说,不考虑承包人的能动履行合同的积极性。承包人可以通过提出建议 submit to the Engineer a written proposal的方式,经由工程师批准,达到“变更Variation”的实际效果。因此本款可以认为是承包人主动引发变更程序启动的规定。
2.对承包人能动履行合同积极性的鼓励机制在于:要求“变更”有利于业主利益,同时,也要照顾承包人的利益。这有点类似中国工程实践中的“节约分成”。如果一项建议包含了对部分永久工程设计的改变,且该项建议已由工程师批准,通常情况下,若此项改变导致该部分工程合同价值减少,工程师应当依据合同商定或决定一项费用并加入合同价格。