“巧克力”社区发展中心，库埃纳瓦卡，莫雷洛斯，墨西哥

建筑设计：毛里西奥·罗查 + 加芙列拉·卡里略建筑工作室

1 鸟瞰/Aerial view

建筑概念回应了来自库埃纳瓦卡市区中心名为卡罗莱纳的古老社区的需求与机遇。这是一座生长于库埃纳瓦卡蜿蜒地形之上的传统社区，有着极高的城市密度，却仅有寥寥几处休闲场所。由国家文化部进行的一项重要研究发现，在该社区及其周边地区，成员人数在25 人以上的交响乐团数量超过25 个，这里还有着各种各样的足球队，以及许多对丝网印刷和摄影感兴趣的儿童与年轻人。人们渴望这样一种公共空间——文化、娱乐和体育在这里聚合而成为他们日常生活的能量源泉，进而令历史地区内各个社区中存在的社会失序得到修正。

我们这样想象着一处巨大的“空”（庭院），它是一个可以举办各种各样活动的会场，从非正式足球赛，到文艺演出，亦或是音乐会排练。我们在库埃纳瓦卡美妙的气候环境中思考，想象着这座建筑能够令使用者不受室内外界限的束缚。灵活的交通组织最好要有许多室外露台，再加上多重流线来使人们分别到达不同的工作区域和这些露台。在我们脑海中，一栋“凉棚”似的建筑有着合理的高度，其自身投下的阴影能给予首层良好的遮荫效果。工作坊的房间既能够通过打开北向的大窗实现一倍的可用面积扩展，又能够通过彻底闭合南侧立面来避免阳光直射并达到舒适的照明效果。

我们设计了一道“墙”，在弥合室外高差的同时，形成了对行政区域的围合区隔。图书馆在视觉上连接了项目中的第二处“空”（庭院）——绿洲。作为第二乐章，它被构想与第一个庭院中的“硬质虚空”完全相反的状态。它呈现为一个大花园，园中树影摇曳，而四周的墙壁则可以在夜间作为电影放映的屏幕，或成为孩子们肆意玩耍嬉戏的道具。在功能安排上，底层设有一处宏大的柱廊，大型工作坊被置于二层，房间可以欣赏到库埃纳瓦卡市区中心的园景。

建筑使用了素混凝土和巧克力色的“灰盖”（墨西哥术语tepetate，指地质层位）土砖。一方面因为这一地块曾经的昵称正来自其以前放置“巧克力”公车的地块用途，另一方面则是源于这种材料的易维护性和良好的声学、热学特性，直接免除了室内空间对空调系统的需求。

场所被设计为一个四面围合的封闭空间，只在角部打开。从这里，人们进入到一个为社区服务的庭院，其中将充满多样的活动与工作坊。在我们当下的时代，社交媒体导致了亲友和邻里关系的疏远，因此高参与度的活动更显得必要。这也是方案构思的初衷，希望建筑空间是多功能的、灵活可变的，能够容纳发生无限的可能性；我们尊重记忆，但归根结底更要意识到当地的需求、气候条件和所在的城市景观，这些是为卡罗莱纳社区想象出这些“巧克力”的关键源头。□（陈茜 译）

2 外景/Exterior view

3 总平面/Site plan

The building concept responds to the needs and opportunities offered by the old neighbourhood La Carolina in Cuernavaca's downtown heart. A traditional neighbourhood embedded in Cuernavaca sinuous topography with a high urban density and just a few places for recreation. The important research done by the Ministry of Culture of the state found that in that neighbourhood and its surroundings there were over 25 orchestras with more than 25 members each, various soccer teams,many children and young people interested in silkscreen printing and photography as well the need for a common space where culture, recreation and sport would be a source of energy for their daily life, thus correcting social disruption among the neighbourhoods as part of the historic site.

That's how we imagine a great void, as a forum to host any diversity of activities, from an informal soccer match to theatrical performances or concert rehearsals. Thinking in Cuernavaca's marvellous climate and imaging a building that would allow the user to break the boundaries between interior and exterior. Flexible transits to have outdoor terraces and multiple circulations that allow diverse access to different working areas and those terraces. We thought in a "pergola" building that would allow good height and cast shadow over the ground floor and for the workshops to multiply its size by opening big windows to the north and shouting down completely its south façades achieving a right illumination and avoiding sun exposure.

We design a wall that compensates level differences outdoors and housed administrative areas and the library that also visually connects to the second void in the project: the oasis. This second phase was conceived as and opposite for the "hard void" in the first patio, a large garden where the trees cast shadows and where the surrounding walls will be used as movie screens during the night or to have recreational and ludic activities for the children. The programme is completed with a large portico in the ground floor and a larger workshop in the first floor with the opportunity to look out to the garden in Cuernavaca's urban heart.

The building was conceived in apparent concrete and chocolate-brown "tepetate" because of the plot's old nickname given since the plot used to lodge "chocolate" buses and because those are low maintenance materials and provides acoustic and thermic properties for the indoor spaces without the need for air conditioner system.

Designing a space close to its surroundings with an opening in its corner to fill up a void for the neighbourhood full of activities, workshops and participative-events is fundamental to us in an age where social media had distanced human relationships between families and neighbours. The conception of a space with multiple uses, flexible and especially versatile for any thing to happen;respecting the memory but above all recognising the local needs, as well its climate and urban scape were the key sources to imagine some "Chocolates" in La Carolina.□

4 首层平面/Ground floor plan

5 二层平面/Frist floor plan

6 外景/Exterior view

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: Ministry of Culture of the State of Morelos

地点/Location: Amado Nervo No. 201, corner with Rubén Darío in La Carolina, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

建筑设计/Architectural Studio: Taller | Mauricio Rocha +Gabriela Carrillo |

主持建筑师/Architects: Mauricio Rocha, Gabriela Carrillo

项目团队/Project Team: Juan Carlos Montiel, Giordana Rojas, Alma Caballero, Andrés Burguete, Karim Gómez,Arturo Ojeda, Lilia Salgado

施工/Construction: Carser

结构工程/Structural Engineering: Ingeniería Estructural Sismoresistente S.A. de C.V.

结构工程顾问/Structural Engineering Advice: Secretaría de Obras Públicas del Estado de Morelos - Ing. Victor Escobar

水暖安装/Plumbing Installations: Taller 2M Arq

照明/Lighting: Eléctrica Polux, S.A. de C.V.

建筑木工/Architectural Carpentry: Taller |Mauricio Rocha+ Gabriela Carrillo|

项目面积/Project Area: 建筑面积/Built 1763m2, 室外面积/exterior 1023m2

项目周期/Project Year: 2014-2018

模型/Model: Francisco Ortiz

摄影/Photos: Jaime Navarro (fig. 1,2,6,13,14,16,18), Rafael Gamo (fig. 15,17)

7 南立面/South elevation

8 东立面/East elevation

9.10 横剖面/Transverse sections

11.12 纵剖面/Longitudinal sections

13.14 外景/Exterior views

15.16 外景/Exterior views

评论

路璐：根据社区的复杂功能需求，建筑师把3个条状体量悬于被围合的广场之上，是对类型的超越；适应地域气候特点，建筑通过自身体量实现了遮阳效果，比拟凉棚（pérgola），是对形式的类比。这个项目充分地显示了建筑师对于形式，功能和场地之间关系的敏感，让人想到西班牙已故建筑师亚历山大·德拉索塔在1960年代初完成的马德里马拉维亚斯学校体育馆。“tepetate”泛指火山岩硬化土层，作为建造材料在墨西哥有着悠久的历史，土著人也把它用作肥料。而这些传统材料的优雅呈现，证明了墨西哥仍然存在着一个庞大的工匠（泥瓦匠）系统，他们也是庞大的低收入阶层。

莫妮卡·阿雷利亚诺：加芙列拉·卡里略与毛里西奥·罗查是墨西哥建筑师中专研地方材料与服务社区的空间融合可行性的典型代表。这个项目，就像许多该工作室的其他项目一样，表现出对这两方面的探索，以产生能够将设计与功能结合的美妙空间。“巧克力”社区中心旨在为缺乏基础设施的地区提供一种新型空间，所有在过去相互独立的活动都能够在该空间中发生，而该自由空间的集合则安静地作为社区生活的舞台。（庞凌波 译）

17 外景/Exterior view

18 内景/Interior view

19 细部/Façade detail section

Comments

LU Lu: Based on the complex functional demand in the neighbourhood, the architect hangs three strip-shape constructions over the enclosed square, which transcends its architectural category; considering the local climate characteristics, the shaded effect is realised through the self-body of the architecture like a pérgola, which is a form analogy. The project fully reflects the architect's sensitivity to the relationship among the architectural form, function, and site,which reminds people of the master piece of Gimnasio Maravillas in Madrid by Alejandro de la Sota, the late Spanish architect, that is finished in the early 1960s. "Tepetate" generally refers to the hardened soil layer of volcanic that has been used as construction material in Mexico for a long time, and the aboriginal people also use it as fertilizer. What's more, the elegant presentation of these traditional materials proves the existence of a huge craftsman (mason)system (which is also a giant low-income class) in Mexico. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

Monica Arellano: Gabriela Carrillo and Mauricio Rocha are some of the most important exponents in Mexico who have put on the table the search to integrate materials from the region with spaces that serve communities in a practical way. This project, like many others in the office shows this dual search to generate beautiful spaces that touch and combine design with functionality. Los Chocolates sought and found to provide a new space where all the activities that happened separately in a region with lacking infrastructure would be concentrated in a single ensemble with free spaces, quietly located as the stage of the life of the neighbourhood.